296 NovtTATES Zooi.oGic.^ XX'Va. 1919. 



This work, revealing an immense amount of labour, deals chiefly with the 

 perfect insect and its range of distribution. In regard to early stages it is 

 admitted that, in no fewer than 123 cases of the above number, the larvae had 

 not then been noted, and nothing was known of the food-plants beyond what, 

 for example, might be reasonably inferred by their close alliance to known species 

 in Division I, associated with Aristolochia, or to the orange-feeders in Division 1 1. 

 A great province for original research is thus disclosed ; and though there may 

 be richer centres than Para, I have found it no mean field for the investigation 

 of the life-histories of the genus Papilio, as of many other lepidopterous families. 

 Having settled here as Anglican Chaplain in March 1912, my observations cover 

 fhe greater part of the seven years following that date. During this period 

 22 distinct species of Papilio, and the early stages of 18 of these, have befn 

 discovered in the immediate vicinity of the city ; each larra, as it occurred, being 

 carefully studied in association with its particular food-plants, figured in water- 

 colours, and its identity disclosed by the subsequent rearing of the butterflj'. 



At the time of going to press, four species only, viz. P. triopas, isodorus, 

 pausanias, and protesilaus, have baffled all my attempts to elucidate the 

 mysteries surrounding their origins, and have occurred simply as odd speci- 

 mens. Of P. torquatiis I have thrice bred the female, and but very occasionally 

 seen the male on the wing in Para. Though doubtless most, if not all, of the 

 species here dealt with occur on the adjacent islands, all have now been taken 

 within three or four miles of the city in grounds more or less cultivated or in the 

 neighbourhood of forest paths, the Utinga waterworks being a favourite resort. 



In searching for the larvae of the Aristolochia Papilios, my first work was 

 to acquaint myseU with the range and extent of this Order of plant-life near 

 Para. This resulted in a discovery, hardly less interesting than that which I 

 sought among the butterflies and their caterpillars, in that, of seven local species 

 submitted to the authorities at South Kensington, four were found to be new 

 to science, vide article in the Journal of Botany, vol. liii. (January 1915). 



Among the so-called Fluted Papilios, larvae have been obtained from five 

 or six species of Citrus (none strictly indigenous to the country), from Fagara 

 rhoifolia (tamanqueira), and from four species of Piper. There are no Umbelliferae 

 in Para, but for the convenience of collectors I should like here to record the 

 fact that I used frequently to take the larvae of Papilio paeon near Lima and 

 in the interior of Peru, feeding on the parsnip, Aracatcha esculenta, as also on the 

 extremely dissimilar bush Psoralia gkmdvlosa (Leguminosae). 



In the Kite Papilios I have only succeeded in tracing the antecedents of 

 the tailless mimic P. ariarathes, several wild and cultivated species of Anonaceae 

 being employed, especially Anotui muricata, araticu, Rollinia squamosa, etc. 



Among the butterfly baits, as distinct from food-plants proper, may be 

 mentioned the Zinnia in gardens for P. polydamas, thoas, and anchisiades, wliile 

 the mauve-flowering herb of the matto called Psychotria colorata, the white- 

 tasseUed Inga stipulata (chichic), and the chrome-yellow blooms of Palicourea 

 grandijolia, are all particularly attractive to the Aristolochia groups of Papilios 

 in general. 



As regards times of appearance in Para, where the climatic conditions 

 throughout the year are extraordinarily uniform — the average shade- temperature 

 being about 80° P., and both wet and dry seasons being characterised by great 

 atmospheric humidity — many Papilios are to be found in the larval and imaginal 



