NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVI. 1919. 299 



leaves, and as a rule it is only when approaching maturity that one occasionally 

 finds it resting on some other object close at hand or on the ground. 



Though smaller insects in the main, it is a noteworthy fact that the ova of 

 these two groups are distinctly larger than those of the Polydamas group and of 

 a deeper yellow tone. They are somewhat irregularly ribbed with a wax-like 

 substance, a considerable portion of which, with the shell, the newly hatched 

 larva consumes for its first meal. It would seem that this material answers to 

 a kind of concentrated meat-essence, which must come in very handy for the 

 young caterpillar on those occasions when, through its mother's carelessness or 

 inability, it has to take a long walk before it can reach such tender leaves as 

 are designed for its after-nourishment. These newly hatched larvae are at first 

 all much alike ; and even in the succeeding instars up to full growth, as Plate II 

 wiU show, the relationship between the two groups and between the individual 

 species is an exceedingly close one. 



In early days some of their fleshy tubercles are crested with a bunch of fine 

 bristles, so characteristic of other lepidopterous families in later life ; and it is 

 highly probable that enlarged diagrams made under the lens at this stage would 

 reveal specific differences which are not apparent to the eye. 



I can find only eight of the red and black Aristolochia Papilios in Para. 

 These vary considerably in their comparative abundance, and show partialities 

 for some one or other species of Aristolochia and the degree of shade in which that 

 plant happens to be growing ; but both their ova and larvae are all quite easy 

 to detect, if present and the plant be thoroughly examined. 



The pupae have occasionally been found on the stems of the plant or attached 

 to some object near ; but, like the grubs of other lepidoptera, PapUio larvae are 

 capable of taking a long walk, and generally wander far before pupating. These 

 pupae, with slight differences in the matter of size, are all identical in design in 

 every particular ; and without having previously seen the caterpillar, it is 

 impossible to distinguish between them, or do more than formulate a rough guess 

 as to the precise identity, especially when the chrysalis found has been of the 

 normal green description. 



In six of the eight the pupae seem always to be emerald or blue-green, 

 the dorsal area being touched with lemon yellow on head, thorax, edges 

 of wing-cases, and the last two or three abdominal segments, giving them the 

 appearance of seared leaves and rendering them inconspicuous. In the matter 

 of design lysander and aglaope are also identical, but their colours are more 

 variable, lysander being sometimes grey-green and yellow like the foregoing, 

 or more often of a delicate lavender hue with mere touches of yellow on the 

 dorsal area, while aglaope is generally darker or browner and more uniform in 

 tone. By comparison with the pupa of polydamas, the thoracic hump in these 

 eight cases is reduced to a mere bifid projection, and the wing-cases are less 

 fianged-out laterally. 



As I am chiefly concerned with the early stages, and in indicating those 

 salient features which differentiate one species from another, I must refer readers 

 in all cases to the Revision for a description of the perfect insects and their range 

 of distribution. 



