NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVI. 1919. 323 



South- Eastern States there are 8. But Western Canada, with its much more 

 equable chmate, can show 9 species, and if polyxenes should occur it would 

 be 10. California, even, can show no more than 9, as while it has philenor 

 it lacks nitra, which belongs to Western Canada. California, again, has indra, 

 which is lacking in Canada, but Canada in the extreme north-west has machaon. 

 Numbers of papihos in the Nearctic region : 



Species. Species. 



Canada, West .... 9 U.S.A., Middle .... 9 



U.S.A., North-West ... 8 Canada, East .... 5 



U.S.A., South-West ... 9 U.S.A., North-East ... 7 



Canada, Middle .... 4 U.S.A., South-East ... 8 



Taking the richest area — Cahfornia — where there are 9 species or possibly 

 10, it is to be seen how poor it is compared with a country like Mexico, which 

 produces 37. It is true, Mexico is a large unit to compare and covers many 

 degrees of latitude, but even for a Umited area the figures are high. Guatemala, 

 which is quite a small country, has 40 species. It is clear the influence of 

 the tropics is very marked, for in the hot Gulf States of North America, which 

 are outside the tropic, there are no more than 9 species. 



Ecuador, east of the Andes, is the richest area on the whole American con- 

 tinent. When one recollects that it has all the elements for Nature to produce 

 her forms — uniform temperature whether high or low, and great variation of 

 altitude and a damp atmosphere, it is not surprising. The areas where these 

 conditions closely approximate the figures are much the same, as while E. Ecuador 

 has 46 species, N. Peru, east of the Andes, has 45, and the Cauca valley of Colombia 

 40 .species. The figures we give for the Sta Martha district of Colombia are 

 probably well under the actual total at 1 7. It would be surprising if another ten 

 or a dozen species are not added to the list when oiu- knowledge is more complete. 

 Again, there is only a record of 10 species from N. Argentina, and this must be 

 well under the total, for in Paraguay there are 22 species. For N.E. Argentina 

 there are only 12 species recorded, but this cannot apply to the hilly state of 

 Jli.ssiones, but to the flat district. In the BraziUan State of Rio Grande do Sul 

 there are 17 species, and as one goes northwards the total steadily increases 

 till from the State of Sao Paulo there are 28 recorded species. Our knowledge of 

 Goyaz and Matto Grosso is too small to give any accurate figures. The 23 species 

 will doubtless be considerably augmented. One of the most astonishing outcomes 

 of our compilation is that Bahia and Ceara give only 10 recorded papilios. 

 Both tehis and androgens will almost certainly be added, but it would be difficult 

 to forecast what other species might be found. The country to the north of 

 Bahia is very little known entomologicaUy. Even Pernambuco is hardly known. 

 From the Heliconine forms found there it is clear they belong to the S.E. Brazilian 

 types, with the transverse yellow bar in the hindwing. 



Ordinary Helicon ius erato phyllis occurs that is in no way different from 

 phyllis over a vast area of S.E. Brazil. Similarly, Heliconius melpomene burchalli 

 occurs which is characteristic of the country to the north-west of Rio. With 

 the recorded papilios there is also a marked preponderance of the S.E. Brazilian 

 element. There is, however, a total absence of representatives of the first two 

 groups of Aristolochia papilios — the ascanius group and the aeneas group ; while 



