( 169 ) 



invest.igatious, and it is also not enough to have fifty or more inrlividnals of a 

 species from a certain place ; bnt it is most important to Imve the insect in numbers 

 from ever)' district where it occurs. This, however, is inipossil)le for thi> present, as 

 there are still many unexplored localities in the East, and many districts where only 

 a limited material lias been collected. Central Nepaul (which is probablv inhabited 

 by races of Pajiilios standing intermediate between those from North- West India 

 and Cashmere on the one side, and those from Sikkim and Assam on the other), the 

 northern slopes of the Himalaya, Southern and Eastern Thibet, the highlands of 

 Formosa, the mountains of Palawan, jMindauao, E. Celebes, Flores, Timor, etc., the 

 island of Obi, several of the lesser Snuda Islands, the Charles Louis and Albert 

 Victor Ranges in New Guinea, the Admiralty Islands, the islands of Bougainville, 

 Choisenl, Isabel, the Santa Cruz Islands, and so forth, are practically unknown to 

 entomologists, and will certainly provide us with many new forms (if Papilios. 

 And even in countries better known than those above enumerated there still exist 

 undiscovered Papilios, as well as many of such rarity that only one or a few specimens 

 are known : the types of P. icalkeri Janson from S. India, P. mibiim Standing, from 

 N. Borneo, P. prillimtzi Fruhst. from Java, an<l others are unique ; of P. sakontula 

 Hew. from N. India, P. nohlei Nicev. from Burma, P. caunus Westw. from Java, etc.) 

 scarcely three examples have been recorded. 



It is therefore not to bo wondered at that iu certain cases the required large 

 material could not be obtained, and that the work had to proceed without it.* 



The incompleteness of our knowledge of the Indo-Australian fauna does, 

 however, much less affect the identification of the hitherto described forms than 

 the views in respect to the relationship of the species and races. Many of the new 

 Papilios to be discovered in future will doubtless turn out to connect some of the 

 insects which now appear to us specifically distinct ; others may combine the 

 characters of two gronjis or genera, and a material more carefully collected in 

 respect to season and exact locality, and esjjecially more carefully labelled iu the 

 collections, will often prove that some of the varieties which a Papilio produces in 

 a certain district, and which we look upon as being mere individual aberrations, 

 are, in fact, seasonal forms, or localised races restricted to places offering altered 

 conditions of life, such as mountains, swamps, etc. ; so that further discoveries will 

 alter much more the classification of the PapiUonidae than the names of the Papilios. 

 There are two species — P. amphitrion Cram, and P. laccdemon Fabr. — of which, to 

 our knowledge, no specimens exist in collections. These species may be based upon 

 painted up or otherwise mutilated individuals, and are treated in this paper with 

 a (?) ; but they may just as well be rediscovered some day, and then will probably 

 affect the nomenclature to a certain extent, as P. amphitrion Cram, has the priority 

 over P. gambrisius Cram., and P. laa'dcmon Fabr. over P. cb/tin lanki'swaru 

 (Moore). 



Montronzier's species described from Woodlark Island are also ])ractically 

 unknown to science. The descriptions, though quite sufficient for the time they 

 appeared (18.56), are not exhaustive enough to enable us to decide whether the 

 Woodlarkian species are difFerent from the ff)rms inhabiting New Guinea and the 

 neighbouring groups of islands. The Woodlark Pa}iilios are therefore simply 

 enumerated under the names bestowed upon them by Montrouzier (Montronzier's 



• We call the speci.ll attention of the reader to this weak point of the revision, and should feel obliged 

 if one or the other of our readers who is in pos.session of a goo<l material would criticise this paper and 

 publish ihe errors he might find, or coiniiiunicatc directly with us about query points. 



