( 179 ) 



When we now proceed from one ilistrict into another, say from North Imlia to 

 Ceylon, or from Borneo to the Philippines, and examine the Papilios, we find a good 

 many speoios which have remained the same, althoug-h the limits of variation 

 are sometimes dilated or restricted in one or more directions of development : 

 P. eiirt/pylus L. from Java is the same as that from N. India, Imt is less vaviaMc ; 

 P. arktolockiae Fahr. from China va-ies more than ai-istolorhi -c from Sikkim, and 

 the latter varies differently from the davan aristolochiae. The differences between 

 the Indian and Java.n euri/pi/lns, and those l)etvveen the Indian, Chinese, and Javan 

 arisfolorhiiie, do not apply to all specimens of the respective localities, lint it is only 

 a limited unmlier of individnals which exhibit the peculiarity in pattern, colon r, or 

 shape whicli is not met with amongst the individnals from other districts ; and 

 liere we have the recognisalde beginning of localised variation. The green aberration 

 horneiiKunii Pagenstech, of the blue T. priamus urmlliamis Gu^r. occurs only in 

 New Britain and New Ireland; the aberration tiinorensis Feld. of the frmalc of 

 P. pobjtes theseus Cram, is restricted to Timor and the neighbouring islands. ^\'hen 

 under the influence of the altered " b/o/'oi'/wsi.s," as it has been termed bv Jliibins, 

 the number of aberrant specimens gradually increases, we come to such cases 

 where the specimens of form A inliabiting a certain country are nearly all different 

 from the individuals of the nearest allied form B, but wliore the areas of variation 

 overlap, the most advanced specimens of form A being further developed than the 

 least advanced examples of form B : some individuals of the broad-banded F. 

 emypylus choredon Feld. from Queensland have narrower bands than certain 

 specimens of the narrow-banded P. earypylus axion Feld. from India ; ^.omefetnales 

 of tlie Javan Troides lielena (L.) have the subdiscal black spots on the liindwings 

 more isolated than certain individuals of the Indian T. Itehnta cerberus (Feld.); the 

 individuals of the Jajianese sjiring-brood of P. sarpedon L. agree with the Indo- 

 Malayan sarpedon ; the specimens of the summer-broods differ somewhat and 

 stand close to certain Chinese examples ; many Chinese specimens of P. sarpedon 

 are the same as Indian ones, others are slightly different, and a great many are 

 quite aberrant (P. sarpedon semi/asciatus Honr.). The direction in which the 

 development of a species takes place in the various districts is often the same, often 

 different. In the Ceylonese and Celebesian P. sarpedon L. the band of the wings 

 becomes narrow, in sarpedon from Queensland it is broad ; in the Chinese specimens 

 it is liable to obliteration ; in the Celebesian and Muluccan individuals of sarpedon 

 the submargiual spots to the hindwings and the median band assume a blue colour ; 

 in the Ceylonese sarpedon the first spot of the median band is often absent, while in 

 the specimens from the Bismarck Arcliipelago an additional spot appears, etc. 



The next step in the develojinient of localised varieties is rejiresented by 

 such forms as are distinguished in every individual, sometimes only in one 

 sex, by certain characters from the nearest ally, but vary to such an extent 

 that the lower limit of variation of one form is the upper limit of the other, 

 so that there is a complete chain of intergradatious between the least advanced 

 specimens of one form and the most advanced of the other. The Celebesian 

 P. sarpedon L. is always well recognisable, but the specimens from Sanghir 

 and Talant agree partly with the least advanced Celebesian individuals, and 

 apjiroach on the other side so closely the Bloluccan P. sarpedon that we cannot draw 

 a parting line between the form inhabiting Celebes, Sanghir, and Talant {P. sar- 

 pedon miloH Feld.) and the form from the Moluccas {P. sarpedon authedon Feld.). 

 Fapilio antiphus Fabr. has ijuite a different appearance from /'. aristolockiae Fabr. ; 



