( 220 ") 



J. OinitUoiittm rujicoUu, Butler, Tr. I.nin. .Sue. (2). Zwil. 1. p. b:fl. a. 1 ($, Wfc J) (1877) 



(Malacca). 

 (J ? . Oniillioptera heliaciiiioiiles, Wood-Mason & Nicu'v., Joiirn. As. Soi: Btnt/. p. 237. u. 65 (1880) 



(Andaman Is.). 

 cJ ? . Oniilhuptera hepkaestus, Distant, llhoj,. M,iL p. 32«. n. 2. t. 27. f . 2 ( $ ab.). 3 (J). 4 ( ? ) 



(1885) (Mai. Pen.) : Weymer, Slell. E. Zeit. p. 270 (1885) (Nias) ; Hagen, his \U. p. 18. n. 3 



(1894) (pp. ; Sumatra). 

 (J ? . OrnithopUm m-berus, Staudiug. & Schatz, Exot. SclimeM. I. p. 4. t. 2 ((J) (1884) (N. India : 



"Java" loc. en:) : Fickert, /ioul. Juhrbiuh. p. 732. n. 2. (1889) : Swinhoe, Tr. Ent. Soc. Loml. 



p. 311. n. 372 (IK93) (Khasia Hills ; common). 

 (J ?. Papilio (Ornithupkra) cerbcnts, Robbe. .!«/;. Snc. Ent. Belg. p. 123. n. 1 (1892) (Darjeeling : 



Kurseong). 



The differences between cerberus (P'eld.) and helena (L.) are slight, and so 

 inconstant that it is in many cases impossible to say without the help of locality to 

 which of these two helena forms a specimen belongs. It must be under.~tood that 

 the distinguishing characters, i\s they are pointed out below, are vo'ry seldom com- 

 bined iu one specimen, and that in a great number of individuals only one or the 

 other of these characters will lie met with. So we shall find that if a male specimen 

 from India is, for example, identical with a .lavan individual in the pattern of the 

 liindwings, the forewings of the Indian individual are longer and narrower, or are 

 blacker, or have the adnervular .>treaks, if present, better deliued and narrower, or oi 

 a yellowish colour, and so on. 



c?. Generally larger than the Javan helena {L.), the forewings a little narrower. 

 The forewings are often all black ou both sides; in many specimens there ajijiear 

 below adnervular whitish streaks, which are either submarginal and rather short 

 (especially often in Bornean examples), or stand immediately behind the cell, or 

 extend fiom near the outer margin to the cell and are confluent in pairs at the 

 median vein ; in the latter case the streaks at the median and lower discoidal veins 

 are \ery prominent, though narrow, and appear sometimes on the upperside ; tliese 

 markings assume often a yellow colour, especially at the base of the lower median 

 nervule. 



The hindwings have usually a long and broad yellow mark before the 

 subcostal vein ; this spot is broadest exteriorly, and reaches here the costal vein ; 

 sometimes this spot is reduced to a small submarginal mark, or is even quite 

 obliterated. The submarginal black spots are more often absent than in helena (L.) ; 

 the spot between the subcostal and upper discoidal veins, if present, is usually much 

 smaller than in helena ; that between the two lower median nervules stands mostly 

 farther from the margin, owing to the anal angle being a little more prominent in 

 cerhems (Feld.), and forms, therefore, when merged together with the black margin, 

 a longer streak than in helena. 



J. The forewings are often all black, with the veins feebly paler; mostly they 

 have white adner\ular streaks above and below; these streaks are narrower and much 

 better defined than in helena (L.), and are united in pairs at the cell ; the black 

 internervular streaks are, therefore, broader, especially towards the cell, and are not 

 or feebly suffused with white on the disc. The apex of the cell, which in helena 

 is more or less uniformly white or grey, is either black like the rest of the celb 

 or it is bordered white and bears a short white streak in the middle that joins the 

 white cellular border and forms [as in T. darsius (Gray)] a mark resemliling the 

 letter M ; the black portion included in this mark is seldom clouded with white. 



On the hindwings the basal-co.stal black region is generally, though not always, 

 more rest ricted t ban in helena, not extending beyond the origin of the subcostal nervule ; 



