( 222 ) 



chanictt^r of a subsjiecies (local f'onn, Localvariettit). Staudiuger himself was, to iny 

 knowledge, the first to draw attention to the important fact — imjiortaut to the study 

 of the origin of the species — that a certain form can he indindual variety, i.e. 

 aherration ("Aberration" of Staudinger), occurring together in the same locality 

 with the typical foi-m (" Stammform " of Staudinger) of the species, and at the same 

 time local variety, i.e. suhspecies (" Varietal " of Staudinger), being confined to 

 countries from where the tyjiical form is absent. Kirner {EnMehunf/ d. Arten, Jena, 

 1882 ; Artbildimg b. SchmetL, Jena, 1889) and Fickert (I.e.) explain the same fact ; 

 and the chief law of the development of the local forms in Eimer's UnlersucltuiKjen, 

 etc., a law which can be traced in all variable species of the Indo-.Vustralian Regions, 

 is indeed this: the local forms have no entirely new characters by which they are 

 distinguished from the i-espective typical form and its aberrations: all the distin- 

 guishing characters of a local form are more or less obviously indicated in the 

 individual aberrations of the typical form, and are only further develojjments of 

 certain characters of the typical form. The differences between Tro'tdes lieleaa (L.), 

 [= po'inpeiis (Cram.)] and cerberus (Feld.) are not at all constant ; the most developed 

 helena and the least advanced cerberus are indistinguishable. There are even Indian 

 cerberibs which are rather less advanced than certain Javan lielena; the occurrence of 

 every iutergradation proves that we have not two, but one species, which develops in 

 one district in this, in another in that direction, and of which the development is not 

 yet so far advanced as to render the intergraduate individuals between the various 

 forms extinct. — K. J. 



(c): T. helena hephaestus (Keld.) [cJ,?]. 



(J $ . Papilio hephaestiis Felder, I'erli. i. b. Ges. Wieit p. 2'.tl. ii. '2'J (1864) (Celebes; nom. mid.): 



id., Reise .Vovnra, L,-p. I. p. IG. n. 8 (1865) (Celebes). 

 (J ? . Oniithoptera leda Wallace, Ti: Linn. Snc. Lond. XXV. p. 39. n. 8 (1865) (Macassar ; Meuado). 

 (J ?. Papiliii pompeus \a.T. kephai'stus, Hopffer, Slrtl. E. Zeit. p. 18. n. 2 (1874) (Celebes) ; Snellen, 



Tijdschr. v. Ent. XXI. p. 37. n. 146 (1878) (Saleyer ; Bonthain ; Bantimoerong). 

 cJ?. Ornithoptera heplmesim, Oberthiir, Et. d Ent. IV. p. ?>\. ii. 12 (1879) (Celebes); Holland, 



Proc. Boston Sue. N. H. XXIV. p. 77. n. 1-24 (1890) (S. Celebes) ; Rothacb., Iris V. p. 44'i 



(1892) (S.E.Celebes). 

 cJ ?. Ornilhoptera jiompeus v.ar, lirphaestus, Fickert, Zool. Jahrbiu'/i. p. 729. n. la (1889) (Celebes). 



This suhspecies comes nearest to the Indian race, with which it has been 

 confounded by Distant and other authors. The forewings are of the same elongate 

 shape as in cerberus; the outer margin of the hindwings is less scalloped than in 

 the other forms of helena (L.), especially in the mcde; the black border to the 

 hindwings is conspicuously broader at the nervules, and therefore not so prominent 

 within the cellules as in helena (L.), cerberus (Feld.), nereis (Doherty), and propin- 

 quus m. The white spots of the marginal fringe of the forewings are reduced in 

 length. 



<?. The forewings are mostlv quite black, but have sometimes tlie bases of the 

 median nervules below bordered with whitish scaling; at tlie submedian nervure there 

 stands on the underside often a white or yellowish patch, which is in some examples 

 very large. 



The hindwings have a large yellow s-jiot before the subcostal vein, as in cerberus 

 (P'eld.) ; there are no subdiscal black markings, except one between the lower median 

 nervules which is nearly always confluent with the black marginal border of I he 

 wing ; in one of my specimens there is also a minute subdiscal black spot between 

 the two upper median veins, but only on the right wing. 



