( 'Ml ) 



Boisduval, De Haau, etc., mistook tliis species for the Limiean P. polydorus, while 

 Esper, recogtiisiiig Cramer's mistatce, and being misled by I-'al5ricius's Spec. Ins., 

 where uristolochine stands as a synonym of hector, descriljed and figured it under a 

 new name, P. diphilus Esper. This name again disappeared till 1852, when Gray 

 applied it to the present insect. Zinken (I.e.), not being aware that aristolochiae was 

 a published name and not a manuscrijrf name of Fabricius, described the Papilio from 

 Fabricius's manuscript of " Syst. Gloss, ined." as new, under the name of ailamits. 



Fabricius gives as locality only 'India orkntalis" \ E.sper's dlpldlas came 

 i'rom Tranquebar, and Zinken's adamas from ,Iava. Now the aristolocliiae from 

 Java, Malacca, Burma, Continental India, Ceylon, and China cannot, in my opinion, 

 lie sejiarated into local forms, though a good nunjber of .specimens from some of these 

 localities exhibit characters which are local, so that one can indeed in many cases 

 tell the locality from the peculiar characters of a specimen ; but as only a relatively 

 small percentage of individuals show the local characters, we have no sub.species, bi t 

 local abeirations which have not yet developed into subsiiecies. 



Several modern authors liave treated aristolochiae and diphilas as distinct 

 species, or at least as two representative forms of a species. Mr. Butler, in his Cat. 

 Diurn. Lep. descr. by Fabriciits, p. 258, says of aristolochiae : " This is the Ceylone.se 

 rejjresentative of P. diphilas Esp.," and gives as s^'nonvm Gray's var. c [Cut. Lep. 

 Ins. B. M. I. p. 10. n. 34 (1852)], which has a whitS spot in the apex of the dis- 

 coidal cell to the bindwings. Fabricius describes the hindwings thus : " Fascia 

 maaidari alba lunidisqiie rubris " ; the " white macular band " fits, howex^er, cer- 

 tainly better to the specimens without tlie cellular s[)Ot than to those with that 

 additional spot, especially to .Tavan individuals with a row of four or five white markings. 

 This question is of some importance, as !M core's ceylonicus, which is an aberration, not 

 a local race, is based on specimens with the cellular spot. Esper's diphifas has three 

 white spots situate between the lower median and lower discoidal veins ; the second 

 one is the longest. Such specimens which agree with Esper's figure occur not only 

 in Tranquebar, but also in Ceylon and all over Continental India, Burma, Siara, 

 Malacca, and China, and fly together with specimens which have more white markings, 

 P. diphilus is, therefore, not a local race of aristolochiae, but one of the numerous 

 widespread individual aberrations, and will be best regarded as a mere synonym of 

 aristolochiae Fabr., as it certainly is quite inopportune to have a number of aberra- 

 tional names for the specimens with a series of two, three, four, or five discal spots 

 to the hindwings ; the individuals with the additional cellular spot cau, however, 

 be kept separate as ah. ceylonicus (Moore). As I have, therefore, to treat aristo- 

 lochiae, dijjhilis, and adamas as belonging to one geographical race, there remain 

 seven subsjjecies of the species in question, namely : — 



(a) : P. aristolochiae Fabr. fr-om Ceylon, Continental India, IStu-ma, Malacca, Siam, 



China, Loo Choo Islands, Xatima Islands, Java, Celebes ; 

 {b) : P. aristolochiae austrositiulaniis subsp. nov. from Sambawa ; 

 (c) : P. aristolochiae camorta Moore from the Nieobar Islands ; 

 (d) : P. aristolochiae phiiipipus Standing, from the South-Eastorn Islands of the 



Philippine group ; 

 (e) : P. aristolochiae kotsebueus Esehsch. from the Xortheru and Western 



Philippines and the Sulu Islands ; 

 (/') : P. aristolochiae acidue Druce fi-om North Borneo and Palawan ; 

 (.'/) : P. aristolochiae a,ntiphus Fabr. from Sumatra. Nias, Java, I-ombock, Natuna 

 Islands, and Borneo. 



19 



