( -'78 ) 

 As aberration of this local form we liavc to enuiiioratc tin- following insect: — 



(a-) : ah. inaccabaeus Standing. 



Papilio alexaiior var. maccahaeus Staudinger, Iris IV. p. 224 (1891) (Jerusalem). 

 Piipilio aUrannr yar. Jiidaois Staiidinger, I.e. VI. p, 369 (1893) {vimtmcd). 



Black band.s of the wings broader than in oHentalis, chiefly the basal one. 

 It is possible that maccahaeus is the siring brood and twiejitoiia the summer 

 brood of the same subspecies. 



Iluh. Asia !Minor, Palestine, Transcaucasia (2 cJ, 2 ?). 



OG. Papilio xanthus L. [cJ, ?, metam.] 



Papilio Eques Achiviis xaiilhis Linne, .s><. Sat. ed. xii. p. 7.')1. n. 34 (1767) ("Ind. or." loc. err. : 



in irulice stih noiit. '* xtithns " emim.'). 

 Papilio Eqiies Ac/iirusriit/iiis, Miiller, Naturs. V. 1. p. 57ii. n, 34 (1774) (" Ostindien " Inc. err.)  Fabr., 



Syst. Eni. p. 4o4. n. 47 (1775) ; Cramer, P<,p. Ex. I. p. 115. t. 73. f. A. n (1776) (China) ; 



Goeze, Ent. Bpijtr. III. 1. p. 60. n. 34 (1779); Fabr., f^pec. Ins. M. p. 19. n. 75 (1781); 



Jabl. & Heibst, Nnturs. Schm. lU. p. 202. n. 115. t. 49. f. 3. 4 (1788) (China) : Gmelin, Si/sl. 



Nat I. 5. p. 2239. n. 34 (1790) ("India" err. Im:) : Fabr., Enf. Syst. UI. 1. p. 32. n. 92 (1793) 



(" Ind. or." Inc. err.). 

 Papilio Eques Achirus .rathiis, Fabricius, Jfaul. Tiis. II. p. 10. n. 86 (1787). 

 Jasoniades xuthus, Hiibner, Vers, heh: Schm. p. 83. n. 845 (1816). 

 Papilio ruthus, Godart, Enc. Mill). IX. p. 58. n. 90 (1819) : Uoisd., Ten. Hist. Up. eFEiir. t. I. f. 1. 2 



(1832) ; Lucas, Lep. Ex. p. 36. t. 19. f. 1 (1835) ; Boisd., Spec. Gin. Lip. I. p. 327. n. 170 



(1836) (China ; Thibet ; Persia ; Siberia) ; De Haan, Yerh. Nat. Gench. Ned. oi-cc;. bez. p. 41. 



t. 9. f. 12 (larv.) (1840) : Doubl. VVestw. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep. I. p. 16. n. 157 (1846) 



(China : Siberia : "N. India & N.W. Australia" loc. err.) ; Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. B. .U. I. p. 36. 

 n. 178 (18'.2) (■•Port Essington" luc. err.) ; id., List Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 49. n. 186 (18,56) 



("var. a. Port Esisington" loc. err.) ; Hor-sf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Miis. E. I. C. I. p. 111. 

 n. 223. t. 4. f. 1 (l.-irv.) (1857) ("N. India" loc. err.) : VoUenhov., Tijdschr. v. Ent. III. p. 84. 

 11. 120 (1860) (Japan) ; Feid., Verh. z. h. Ges. Wien p. 314. n. 353. & p. 362. n. 198 (1864) : 

 Orza, Lip. Jap. p. 11. n. 10 (1869) ; Butl., Cat. Diurn. Lep. descr. Fal/ric. p. 248. n. 50 (1869) ; 

 id., P. Z. S. p. 814. n. 36 (1877) (Formosa, common) ; Jones, Entnmol. p. 97 (1877) {xutlmluK 

 reared from eggs of xutlius) ; Oberth., Et. d'Ent. IV. p. 69. n. 200 (1879) (China ; Askold 

 I.); Elwes, P. Z. S. p. 870 (1881) (N.E. Asia) ; Pryer, Tr. Ent. Soc. Land. p. 486 (1882) 

 (Japan) ; Butl., Ann. Ma//. N. II. (5). XI. p. 113. n. 19 (1883) (Corea) ; Pryer, liliop. Xilwnica 

 p. 3. n. 2. t. 1. f. 2a. 2b (1886) (.Japan : xutlins = snnimer form, xiitlinlus = sprinj; form) ; 

 Leech. P. Z. S. p. 404. n. 2 (1887) (Japan & Corea) ; Fixsen, Ilnm. Mim. Up. III. p. 255. n. 3 

 (1887) (Korea); Leech, Tr. Enl. Soc. Land. p. 115. n. 70 (1889) (Kiu Kiang) ; Alphi'-raky, 

 Bom. Mini. Lip. V. p. 94. n. 2 (1889) ; Standing., ibid. VI. p. 128. n. 2 (1892) ; Leech, Butterjl. 

 of China, etc. p. 514 (1893) (Amur : Japan : Corea : China) : Seitz, Stitt. Enl. Z/it. LV. p. 335. 

 n. 1 (1895). 

 Papilio xuihus var., Butler. Ann. .Ma;/. .\. II. (5). XI. p. 27K. n. 4 (1883) (Corea). 



Linne described this Papilio under the name of xanthtis in Synt. Sai. ed. xii., 

 in the index of which work he enumerated it, however, as xnithua, probably because 

 he saw that he had already used the name of xanthus for a Pajnlio Danaiis Festivus ; 

 all authors have adojjled the name of xuthus, ixw\ I cannot find a single reference 

 to the first name xanthus. As the Pajnlio Danaus Festivus xanthus I,, is an 

 Opsiphanes, I see no objection to accept the name of xanthus for the ]iresent species 

 of the genus Papilio. 



Papilio xanthus L. is very variable both in size and pattern. The orange mark 

 at the anal angle of the hindwings above, which is pre.=ent in many specimens, is 

 unicolorous, or it has a black centre, as we shall see again in some other species 

 of the r/t«c/(rtOTl-grou]i inhabiting North America. 



