( 28.3 ) 



(1857) W-P-) ; V<i\A., Vcrh. z. h. Gik. Wini p. :i2rt. n. 404 (I8G4) ip.i>.) : Wall., Tr. Liiiii. Sor. 

 Land. XXV. p. 50. n. 50 (18G5) {p.p.) ; Moore, P. Z. S. p. 757 (1805) ; But!., Caf. Diuni. Lep- 

 de.in: Fahric. p. 254. n. 04 (ISO'.l) (p.p.) : id., Ti: Linn. So,: Loud. (2). Zool. I. p. 553, n. K! 

 (1877) (Mai. Pen.) ; Moore, P. Z. S. p. O'JG (1878) (Hainan); id., /.c. p. 840 (1878) (Hatsiega) ; 

 Nicijv., Jourii. As. Sor. Ilniij. p. 59 (1881) (Sikkim, October) : Elwes, P. Z. S. p. 873 (1881) ; 

 Auriv., Konijl. Sv. Vet. Ak. Hand. XIX. 5. p. 10. n. 4 (1882) {Linnes type-spec. premrv. in Mus. 

 Stockholm) ; Standing. & Schatz, Kxut. Sclim. I. p. 7 (1884) ; Bull., Ann. Mag. X. H. (5). XV. 

 p. 344. n. 110 (1885) (" near Assam ") ; Dist., lihop. Mai. p. 343. n. 8. t. 2«. f. 3 (J) (1885) 

 Xp-p.) ; Holland, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc. Phil. XIV. p. 123. n. 78 (1887) (Hainan) ; Elwes, 7V. 

 Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 429. n. 411 (1888) (Sikkim ; one of the commonest species of Papilio up to 

 6000 or 0000 feet) ; Davids. & Aitk., J, mm. Bombay N. H. Soc. p. 367. n. 74 (18'.iO) (Bombay 

 Presid. ; larva & pupa ; haec subsp.?) ; Mandens, Tr. Ent. Soc. Loud. p. 530. n. 191 (1890) 

 (Shan States, abundant) ; Leech, Butt, of China, etc. p. 548 (1893) (p.p.) : Oberth., Et. d'Ent. 

 XVII. p. 4 (1893) (Tonkin). 



Chares {sic 1) helrnus, Swiuhoe, P. Z. S. p. 145. n. 143 (1885). 



Papilio (Chams) helcnns, Doherty, Jonrii. As. Soc. Beng. p. 137. n. 236 (1880) (Kumaon) ; Elwes 

 & Nic.''V., ibid. p. 430. u. 135 (1880) ; Watson, Journ. Bomb. N. IL Sor. p. 54 (1891) (Chin- 

 Lushai) ; Nici'v., Gazetteer of Sild-im p. 172. n. 478 (1894) (Sikkim ; probably the commonest 

 Papilio in Sikkim, up to 0000 feet). 



Churns helenus, Moore, Joiirn. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXI. p. 51 (1889) (Owen I., Mergui Archip.) ; 

 Swinhoc, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 312. n. 384 (1893) (Khasia Hills ; apparently rare '). 



Linnd's type came from India or China, whic-h localities are inhabited by the 

 same race. 



P. helenus L. ranges over the whole of Continental India, Ceylon, Burma, 8iam, 

 Malacca, China (excl. of the north), Southern Japan and the Loo Choo Islands, 

 Philijipines, Palawan, and the .Sunda Islands as far east as Timor. From the 

 Andamaus and Celebes P. helenus is not known. It must be split up into seven 

 subspecies, which are as follows : — 



(a) : P. helenus L., forma typ.. from India, Burma. Siam, Malacca, China (and 



i^outhern Jajian ?) ; 



(b) : P. helenus dnlrsha Hamps. from South India ; 



(c) : P. helenus niooreanus subsp. now from Ceylon ; 



(rf) : P. helenus nicconicolens Butl. from the Loo Choo I.slaiids (and ,Iapan ?) ; 



(e): P. helenus palawanicus Standing, from Palawan, Borneo, Sumatra, Nias, 

 Engano, Java ; 



(/) : P. helenus biseriatus subsp. nov. from Timor and Samliawa. 



((/) : P. helenus Jii/staspes Feld. from the Philijipine Islands; 



These local forms are especially distinguished by the difl'ercnt development of 

 the greyish streaks in the outer region of the underside of the forewings and of the 

 white area and the snbmarginal spots of the hindwings. 



(o): P. helenus L., forma lyii. [r?,?, larva, pujia]. 



Wallace (/.c.) separates the North Indian examiih's as " hical form a" from the 

 Chinese ones, and says that " they have more falcate wings and kinger tail," and that 

 " the red marks at the anal angle beneath are divideil by a violet -white mark." These 

 characters apply, however, to Chinese examples as well as to Indian ones. The siieci- 

 mens from Western India, where the typical P. helenus gradually aiiiiroachos tlu' 

 larger P. helenus rhtksha Hamps., are often larger than those from Burma, Siam, 

 .Alalacca, and China, but it can hanlly be said that this is the rule. 



In thefenmle the white area of the hindwings is about the same size above and 

 below. 



