I 31o ) 



Sumatra; Borneo: Lomhok); Jiutl., Oil. Diiirn. Lip. diiscr. Fiihrlc. p. 25G. n. 74 (IHii!)) 

 (,■.,;■/. nfmrs.) : Piepers, Tijilsili,: ,-. Knt. XIX. p. ].')7. n. 72 (1876) (Batavia) : Salv. t^ Godm., 

 /'. Z. S. p. 041 (1«7«) (liilliton I.) ; Obertli., Et. d'Eiil. IV. p. 34. n. 10. 11 (1879) {p.p.) : 

 Stauding. \- Schatz, E.n.l. S,-h„i. I. p. 8 (1884) ; Kheil, Rhop. Nias p. 37. n. 141 (1884) (Nias I.) ; 

 Piepers, Tiji/schi: r. Enl. XXXI. p. 350. t. 8. f. 5 (/.) (1888) (Java; life hist.) ; Hagen, Bfrl. 

 Ent. Zelt. XXXVII. p. Iy5. u. 108 (1892) (Banka I.) : id.. Ins VII. p. 23. n. 21 (1894) 

 (Sumatra). 



<J. PapUiii arbalrs Ziuken, Xur. .id. Jr. Xnt. Cm: XV. p. lol. n. li (1831) (Java). 



^. Popiliu memnoii, Aurivillius, Kimijl. Se. V'lt. ,1/,. J/amll. XIX. .0. p. 17. n. 12 (1882). 



?'-". PajAllu iidiali's, Heylarts, Tijrhrlii: i: Enl. .\.\XIV. Vn-«I. p. 28 (1891) C J " e.e rrr.); 

 Snell., ihhl. Vcrsl. p. ll.i (1891) (cwim Heylarts). 



? '". Piipilio expiri, Hagen {nn- Butler. 1877), Irix VII. p. 23. u. 22 (1894) (Sumatra). 



?'". PiipUio mrmnon var.Jam/iiix Haase, Unlersuch. lib. Mhii. p. 57 (1893). 



5 '". Pujiilio mi-iiinoii var. miiiiiim Haase, ?.c. p. 57 (1893). 



If we tfeat tlie various " specie.s " erected bv Mes.srs. Butler & Di.^tant as 

 synonyms or as aberrations, for reasons e.xplained under P. inemnon agenor L. 

 there remain fom' "species" which run into one another, and are accordingly 

 enumerated here as subspecies; to this number we have to add a fifth local form 

 peculiar to the Loo Choo Islands. 



(a): P. ineninon L. from Java, Nias, .Sumatra, Xatmia Islands, and Borneo; 



(i) : P. memnmi oeeani Doherty from Engano Island ; 



(c) : P. merivaon merajni Doherty from Sumba, Sambawa, .\donara ; 



(d) : P. riiemtion agenor L. from Malacca, iSiam, Burma, Continental India 

 (exclusive of South and West India), Tonkin, China (and Soutli Jai)an ?) ; 



(e) : P. Tnemnon j/i^yeri subsp. nov. from the Loo Choo Islands. 



In all these local races, exclusive of P. meninon oeeani Doh. and P. niemnon 

 inerapu, Doh., of which only a small series of specimens is known, the males vary in 

 the forewings, being provided above with a red spot at the base of the cell, or being 

 without that mark : on the underside tlie amount of red at the base of the wings is 

 also variable; in the single known male of P. 'inemnon oeeani the red colour is 

 almost (not wholly, as "W. Doherty says) wanting. The length of the bluish grey or 

 grey lines on the uiijierside of the wings is variable in specimens from the same 

 locality. 



The females are dimorphic in the shape of the hindwings, the latter being 

 tailless or tailed; in colour and patteiTi they are polymoi'phic ; we must, however, 

 exclude again oeeani and inenqju, of which we know so little. The Loo Choo 

 Papilio has only one form of the female sex, which, moreover, seems to be very 

 constant ; this case of monomorphism in one sub.species and polymorphism in the 

 other recalls to mind a similar development in the local forms of P. clylia L., 

 P. polytes L., P. riimanzoviits Eschsch., etc. (see p. 305). 



The tailed and tailless females of P. memnon L. and P. memnon agenor L., as 

 well as the various colour varieties, are not confined to certain localities within the 

 respective ranges of the.se subspecies; all. enperi Butl. of P. memnon agenor 

 alone is apparently local; in certain places, however, and at certain times of the 

 year, the one or the other of the aberrations is more pre\alent. I do not know of 

 any breeding experiments by which it is clearly proved that one female produces 

 several forms. 



Tliough I have treated the female of P. polytes L. as tri- and tetramorphic, 

 I think it will be best to treat the female of the (iresenl Papilio as dimorpliic, not- 

 withstanding its being still more varialilc than tliiit insect; as it is ini|)Ossible to 

 draw exact parting lines between the luiinc-rous colour \arietics of /'. infnrnon-'^ 



