Appendix II 



181 



FIG. 61. Dendrograms corresponding with the nine cladograms in Figure 60 after each is rerooted at the 

 outgroup node. 



Case II (A/A/A/B): If the outgroup possessing state B attaches directly to the basal 

 node of the cladogram (Fig. 62B), the polarity is equivocal. For all other arrangements, 

 state A must be considered plesiomorphic. 



Case III (A/A/A,B/A,B): Support for the interpretation that state B is plesiomorphic is 

 only possible, first, if the outgroups are arranged as in Figure 62C; and second, if 

 resolution of the relationships within the variable outgroups requires that either state B is 

 plesiomorphic for the outgroup attaching directly to the basal node, while the other remains 

 equivocal, or state B is plesiomorphic for both. Many arrangements of the outgroups will 

 necessitate that state A be considered plesiomorphic, and resolution of relationships within 

 the variable outgroups will make many arrangements equivocal. Potential determination of 

 the plesiomorphic condition for the two variable outgroups upon resolution of relationships 

 within these outgroups makes this case very ambiguous. In fact, there is only one 

 arrangement in which it is impossible for the polarity inference to be equivocal (Fig. 62D). 



Case rV (A/A/A,B/B): Four arrangements of four outgroups with these conditions 

 yield equivocal evidence for polarity (Fig. 62E-H). In two of these arrangements (Fig. 



