182 



Appendix II 



TABLE 11. Summary of Polarity Inferences For Seven Cases of Character-state 

 Distribution Among Four Outgroups of Uncertain Relationships to the Ingroup 



Case 



I 



n 



III 



IV 



VI 



vn 



Outgroup 

 Condition 



A/A/A/A,B 



A/A/A/B 



A/A/A,B/A,B 



A/A/A,B/B 



A/A/B/B 



A/A,B/A,B/A,B 



A/A,B/A,B/B 



Possible Polarity Inferences 



A is plesiomorphic 

 Polarity is equivocal* 



A is plesiomorphic 

 Polarity is equivocal 



A is plesiomorphic 

 Polarity is equivocal* 

 B is plesiomorphic* 



A is plesiomorphic 

 Polarity is equivocal 

 B is plesiomorphic* 



A is plesiomorphic 

 Polarity is equivocal 

 B is plesiomorphic 



A is plesiomorphic 

 Polarity is equivocal* 

 B is plesiomorphic* 



A is plesiomorphic* 

 Polarity is equivocal 

 B is plesiomorphic* 



Note: An asterisk (*) indicates that the conclusion in question can only be reached upon 

 resolution of relationships within one or more variable outgroups. See text for details. 



62E,F), resolution of relationships within the variable outgroup may necessitate that state B 

 be considered plesiomorphic. In all other arrangements state A must be considered 

 plesiomorphic, although resolution of the relationships within the variable outgroup can 

 make the situation equivocal. 



Case V {hlkfQr^): In this case, only one arrangement requires that state A be 

 considered plesiomorphic (Fig. 621). One other arrangement requires that state B be 

 considered plesiomorphic (Fig. 62J). For all other arrangements the polarity must be 

 considered equivocal. 



Case VI {Klh,Blk,'Qlk,B): Because every outgroup but one is variable, the condition 



