186 



Appendix III 



FIG. 63. All possible cladogram topologies for two unspecified outgroups and an ingroup (inverted 

 triangle), before (A and B) and after (C and D) rerooting at the outgroup node. 



TABLE 12. Summary of Polarity Inferences For Four Cases of Character-state 

 Distribution Among Two Outgroups of Uncertain Relationships to the Ingroup 



Case 



I 



II 



III 

 IV 



Outgroup 

 Condition 



A/A 

 A/A,B 



A,B/A,B 

 A/B 



Possible Polarity Inferences 



A is plesiomorphic 



A is plesiomorphic 

 Polarity is equivocal* 



A is plesiomorphic* 

 Polarity is equivocal 

 B is plesiomorphic* 



Polarity is equivocal 



Note: An asterisk (*) indicates that the conclusion in question can only be reached upon 

 resolution of relationships within one or both variable outgroups. 



