188 



Appendix IV 



TABLE 13. Summary of Polarity Inferences For Six Cases of Character-state Distribution 

 Among Two Near Outgroups Whose Precise Relationships to the Ingroup Are Unresolved, 

 and One More Remote Outgroup Exhibiting a Fixed Character State 



Case 



I 

 II 



III 



IV 



VI 



Outgroup 

 Condition 



0/0 

 0/0,1 



0,1 



0,1/0,1 



0,1/1 



1/1 



Possible Polarity Inferences 



is plesiomorphic 



is plesiomorphic 

 Polarity is equivocal* 



is plesiomorphic 

 Polarity is equivocal 



is plesiomorphic 

 Polarity is equivocal* 



1 is plesiomorphic* 



is plesiomorphic* 

 Polarity is equivocal 



1 is plesiomorphic* 



Polarity is equivocal 

 1 is plesiomorphic 



Note: An asterisk (*) indicates that the conclusion can only be reached upon resolution of 

 relationships within one or both variable outgroups. Outgroup condition refers to the near 

 outgroups only; the remote outgroup is always assigned state zero. 



Table 13 lists the possible polarity inferences for all possible arrangements of the two 

 near outgroups on the rerooted cladograms (Fig. 64C,D) for six cases of character- state 

 distributions among the two outgroups. This exhausts the possible character- state 

 distributions for a two-state character. The remote outgroup is always assigned state 0, 

 because this was inferred to be its condition based on polarity analysis at the level of all 

 iguanines. Unlike the case for characters whose polarities were initially undeterminable 

 (Appendix HI), the numerical designations for the two outgroups are significant (e.g., 0/0 

 is not equivalent to 1/1), since they may or may not be identical with that of the more 

 distant outgroup, which is always assigned state 0. Thus, there are six cases of character- 

 state distributions rather than only four. 



For characters with Case I, II, and III distributions, I have left the polarities 

 unchanged, because evidence from the new outgroups suggests that either the character 

 polarity for the less inclusive ingroup is identical with that for Iguaninae as a whole or that 

 the polarity is equivocal, but in no arrangement will the reverse polarity be favored. For 



