KEY TO IMPORTANT WOODY PLANTS 209 



Euonymus occidentalis 



Not used by livestock. 



Eurotia lanata 



On some winter ranges it is a valuable source of food for deer, elk, 

 antelope, and all classes of livestock. Its protein content is above 

 minimum level for cattle nutrition. 



Forsellesia spinescens 



Use of this shrub by both sheep and deer has been reported for 

 certain ranges. 



Fraxinus latifolia 



A fair to good browse for sheep and cattle. 



Gaultheria spp. 



So far as can be determined from available records, G. humifusa 

 and G. ovatifolia are of no forage value in eastern Oregon and Wash- 

 ington. However, in other areas some elk and considerable deer use 

 has been noted on other species of the genus. 



Grayia spinosa 



A good winter forage for sheep, cattle, and antelope. 



Holodiscus spp. 



Palatability is poor for cattle and sheep, and fair for deer and elk. 

 Results of clipping studies in eastern Washington suggest that the level 

 of winter use for maximum sustained production of H. discolor is about 

 60 percent. 



Juniper us spp. 



There is considerable variation in the acceptability by big game of 

 even one species of juniper from place to place. Supposedly the 

 berries are freely eaten by mule deer whenever available, but browsing 

 mainly occurs during the winter. Winter use of juniper by elk has 

 been reported for several species of juniper. Palatability of J. 

 occidentalis for antelope is rated as good in the fall. 



Kalmia polifolia var. microphylla 



This and one other species of Kalmia are unpalatable and poisonous 

 to domestic livestock. Use occurs only when stock are short of other 

 forage. 



Ledum glandulosum 



This rather poisonous species is seldom eaten by domestic livestock 

 and it is also of low palatability to big game. 



Leptodactylon pungens 



New growth in spring is a fairly good feed for livestock. 



Linnaea borealis var. americana 



Tins rather herbaceous creeper is eaten by elk and probably by 

 deer, but not by livestock. 



Lonicera spp. 



A poor to worthless forage for livestock, but sheep may use con- 

 siderable amounts of it in some localities. According to clipping 



