PLANTS DECIDUOUS • FALL AND WINTER 



Buds, Twigs Alternate 



Plants Unarmed • With Catkins 



[Willows, oak, aspen, Cottonwood, hazelnut, alders, and birches] 



1. Catkins hidden in buds until late winter or spring; leaf scars often 

 on raised cushions; bundle traces 3 or more; stipule scars linelike 

 or ridgelike, at ends of leaf scars; buds in the % arrangement on 

 twigs (each bud at 144° around twig from bud next below or above). 



willows, oak, aspen, cottonwood. 

 2. End buds lacking, twig tips dying back to topmost side bud; 

 bud scale 1, caplike, centered over leaf scar, opening on side 

 next to twig, membrane-lined; catkin buds sometimes larger 

 than leafy-shoot buds and opening before them (as in the pussy 

 willows); pollen- and seed-producing catkins on separate plants, 

 usually erect or spreading; twigs and buds often highly colored 

 (red, yellow, orange, or bronze), shiny or dull, or with bluish 

 or whitish "bloom" easily rubbed or washed off (pruinose) ; 

 twigs flexible near tips, brittle near base, often breaking off and 

 rooting in moist soils; bark very bitter, in some species known 

 to contain the antirheumatic and tonic glucoside (salicin) 

 formerly a source of aspirin; shrubs or trees commonly stump- 

 er root-sprouting or layering, often thicket-forming; along 

 streams, on sand or gravel bars, or sometimes in open woods 

 (as, for example, the 2 common upland species, Bebb and Scolder 



willows) willows (Salix spp.) . 



2. End buds present, like side buds but often larger; bud scales 

 several to many, spirally overlapping; pith somewhat 5-angled 

 in cross section. 



Oregon white oak, quaking aspen, black cottonwood. 

 'A. Twigs, buds finely fuzzy with yellowish-rusty, star-shaped 

 or clustered hairs; buds clustered at twig tips; egg-shaped, 

 bluntly pointed at tip, to % inch long; bud scales many, in 

 5 nearly vertical rows; pollen-producing catkins stringlike, 

 soon withering, drooping from buds near tip of last year's 

 twigs, on same plant as the single or paired acorn-producing 

 flowers in leaf axils of new twigs; bundle traces to 12; stipules 

 narrowly strap-shaped, persistent or leaving small, indistinct 

 stipule scars; usually trees (shrubby at higher elevations), 

 stump- or root-sprouting; common w., abundant locally e. 

 slopes of Cascades, Yakima Valley, Wash., and southward 

 to Mt. Hood National Forest, Oreg. 



Oregon white oak {Quercus garryana). 

 'A. Twigs, buds shiny, usually hairless or nearly so; buds res- 

 inous, not clustered at twig tips, egg- or cone-shaped, taper- 

 pointed, often curved at tip; bud scales 6 or 7, the lowest 

 (smallest) one centered over leaf scar; catkin buds plumper 

 than leafy-shoot buds and opening before them; twigs often 

 somewhat spurlike and roughened by raised, crowded leaf 

 sears; bundle traces 3, simple or compound; pollen- and seed- 

 producing catkins on separate trees, drooping, stalked, from 



