LITERATURE 



93 



Mucorales Parasitic on Mucorales. Many spe- 

 cies of the Mucorales are frequently parasitized by 

 other fungi and since both host and parasite are 

 of the same order it may confuse the uninitiated 

 into believing that two kinds of spores are pro- 

 duced from the same hypha. If the parasite be- 

 longs to the Cephalidaceae, and the host to Mucor 

 or Rhizopus, the production of conidia from a 

 sporophore, apparently arising from the same 

 hypha which bears the sporangium, should make 

 one suspect that the culture is parasitized. There 

 are several genera of Cephalidaceae and descrip- 

 tions and discussions of this parasitism will be 

 found in the books of Zycha and of Gaumann. 

 Still more confusing is Parasitella simplex which 

 belongs to the INIucorales and is similar enough to 

 Mucor to be put in that genus by some authorities. 

 An interesting fact in connection with the hetero- 

 thallism of Parasitella is that plus strains of the 

 parasite are said to infect only minus strains of 

 the host and vice versa. It would thus appear that 

 the parasitism may have arisen from an abortive 

 attempt at hybridization. On several occasions in 

 our laboratories many freshly isolated cultures 

 have been parasitized by other fungi when "iso- 

 lated" but for years at a time we have not encountered this phe- 

 nomenon. 



LITERATURE 



1. FiTZPATRiCK, H. M., The Lower Fungi. Phycomycetcs, McGraw-Hill, New 



York, 1930. 



2. Oilman, J. C, A Manual of Soil Fungi, Collegiate Press, Ames, Iowa, 1945. 



3. Oilman, J. C, and E. V. Abbott, A summary of the soil fungi, loion State 



Coll. J. Sci., 1, 225 (1927). 



4. Heald, F. D., Manual of Plant Diseases, McOraw-Hill, New York, 2nd ed., 



1933. 



5. Lendner, a., Les Mucorinees, de la Suisse, Bcitr. Kryptogamenflora Schweiz., 



3, 1 (1908). 



6. Naumov, N. a., Cles des Mucorinees, translated from the Russian by S. 



Buchet and I. Mouraviev, Lechevalier, Paris, 1939. 



7. Zycha, H., Mucorineae, Kryptogamenflora Mark Brandenburg, 6A, 1 (1935). 



Fig. 44. Syn- 

 ccphalastrum sp., 

 isolated from 

 soil. Chains of 

 two or three 

 spores surround- 

 ed by a mem- 

 brane are formed 

 over the inflated 

 end of the sporo- 

 phore. These 

 spores are some- 

 times referred to 

 as conidia, though 

 they are really 

 formed in small 

 sporangia. 



