MONOSPORELLA, NEMATOSPORA, ASHBYA, COCCIDIASCUS 283 



alcohol, it disappears as the fermentation proceeds. Off flavors may 

 be imparted to the wine if these yeasts are too numerous. The abil- 

 ity to form spores is quickly lost on cultivation, and the correspond- 

 ing genus Kloeckera, non-spore-forming apiculate yeasts, is probably 

 Hanseniospora which has lost its ability to form spores. Both genera 

 form buds by a process of budding combined with fission. The buds 

 are thus formed on a broad base. 



Nadsonia. The genus Nadsonia contains rather peculiar yeasts. 

 The vegetative cells are large and frequently apiculate. In old cul- 

 tures many of the cells form two large buds, one at each end. One 

 of these may be cast off. The nucleus of the other fuses with the 

 nucleus of the parent cell; then, according to Guilliermond, a spore 

 is formed. But apparently the entire cell becomes the spore, which 

 becomes filled with an enormous fat globule. The membrane of such 

 a cell is greatly thickened, and after a time the outer lamella of this 

 wall peels off irregularly, leaving a roughened or verrucose outer 

 surface. 



The growth of Nadsonia fulvescens in young cultures is white and 

 .very mucoid in character. The cells are very large. "With the de- 

 velopment of the fat globules in the spores the growth gradually 

 becomes tan and then reddish brown in color. In many cultures 

 white sectors appear in the old cultures, and these are found to con- 

 tain non-sporogenous cells free from fat globules, which when sub- 

 cultured yield a similar pure white growth. 



Schwanniomyces and Torulaspora. In each of these genera the 

 cells produce, under conditions which favor sporulation, slender 

 tubular outgrowths as though they were about to undergo sexual 

 fusion, but actual conjugation does not occur. In Schwanniomyces 

 the cells then develop a single or, rarely, two ascospores each, which 

 show an oil drop as in most Pichia species and a prickly surface as 

 in Debaryomyces. In Torulaspora spores (one or two per ascus) 

 are round and smooth. Both these genera are dominantly fermen- 

 tive. 



Monosporella, Nematospora, Ashbya, Coccidiascus. Monosporella 

 is the generic name of the yeast found by Metchnikoff parasitic in 

 the microscopic arthropod Daphnia. It forms a single needle-shaped 

 spore which penetrates the digestive tract and enters the body cavity. 

 It was with this organism that Metchnikoff made some of his ob- 

 servations of phagocytosis. Another species has been found in the 

 larva of an insect. Kematospora contains species of yeasts which 

 form oval to elliptical cells which reproduce by budding. This genus 

 forms eight spindle-shaped ascospores. These possess a flagellum 



