SACCHAROMYCETEAE AND CRYPTOCOCCOIDEAE 291 



budding, are asporogenous, single, or in small clusters. In sugar 

 media, acid is formed. Like the sporogenous apiculate yeasts, 

 Kloeckera species are found in considerable numbers in the early- 

 fermentation of fruit juices. Apiculate yeasts often lose their ability 

 to form spores very quickly on cultivation and it seems reasonable 

 to consider Kloeckera as probably asporogenous strains of Hansenio- 

 spora. Lodder describes ten species and one variety. 



Trigonopsis and Schizoblastosporion. In Trigonopsis young (24- 

 hour) cultures show mostly round or elliptical yeast cells but a few 

 appear as triangles. After a few days the sides of most of the cells 

 are definitely triangular. Budding takes place at the apex. Schizo- 

 blastosporion was created by Ciferri to include asporogenous yeasts 

 which reproduce by the type of budding combined with fission de- 

 scribed on page 265. Only a few strains have been isolated, from soil 

 and from grape leaves. See Fig. 110. 



Comparison of Saccharomyceteae and Cryptococcoideae. As our 

 knowledge of the yeasts has become systematized, the great similarity 

 between yeasts with and without ascospores becomes more and more 

 apparent. The fermenting species at least, of Cryptococcus, seem 

 to be asporogenous forms of species of Saccharomyces. Likewise, 

 there is great similarity between Mycoderma and Pichia, Schizo- 

 blastosporion and Saccharomycodes, Kloeckera and Hanseniaspora, 

 Asporomyces and Torulaspora. The similarities often hold in bio- 

 chemical as well as in morphological characteristics. With increased 

 study it is probable that more and more of these asporogenous yeasts 

 will be found to belong to the spore-forming genera. We can well 

 think of these genera as form genera, and recognize that they are 

 created to help systematize our knowledge of the isolates that we 

 must consider. We must recognize that some of the names are pos- 

 sibly temporary for, as we find means of inducing sporulation, fewer 

 and fewer forms may have to be placed in these genera. The state- 

 ment of Lindegren and Lindegren that Torula is "probably an in- 

 valid genus" is correct only in so far as any genus of imperfect fungi 

 is invalid. Species of Cryptococcus (Torulopsis) may be imperfect 

 forms of Saccharomyces (and of other genera as well), but for the 

 present, at least, nothing is gained by refusing to recognize form 

 genera for those strains which cannot be induced to sporulate. We 

 can hardly assume that all Cryptococcus species are imperfect stages 

 of Saccharomyces any more than we can assume that all species of 

 any other form genus of imperfect fungi belong to one perfect genus. 

 Experience has taught that this is an unsafe assumption. 



