16 



all the species indisciimiiKitely. In Texas and Louisiana "yellow pine" rtesifrnatcs the long-leal 

 species, in Arkansas and Missoui-i the short leaf, while there the name " loiig letit" is applied to 

 the "loblolly," which is rarely cut. 



In Florida, the Carolinas, and Crcorgia the name "yellow pine" is also used with less distinc- 

 tive application. In Florida, l)esides the Cuban pine, which is never distinguished on the market, 

 loblolly may also appear in the luiuber pile. In Geoigia and the Carolinas, although locally the 

 name "yellow pine" is most fre(iuently ajjplied to the sluirt-leaf, in the market a mixture of long- 

 leaf, short-leaf, loblolly, and Cuban pine satisfies the uauie. 



In England, wlicre probably nothing but long-leaf pine is handled, the current name is "pitch- 

 pint;," and this name is also most commonly used in (leorgia and North and South Carolina, 

 strictly applying to long-leaf pine. In Boston only Southern and hard ]iine is mentioned without 

 distinction. It is in New York, Philadelphia. Baltimore, and otlier Atlantic markets that the 

 greatest variety of names is used, with an attinnpt to distinguish two kinds, the long-leaf aiul 

 short-leaf, by using the name of the State from which the lumber is supposed to come, but neither 

 the name nor the lund)er pile agree always with the species that was to be represented. 



"North Carolina pine," which is supposed to api)ly specitically to short-leaf, will be found to 

 include in the pile also better qualities of loblolly, sometimes to the amount of 50 per cent. Long- 

 leaf forms only very occasionally a part of the supplies from this section. 



" Georgia pine" is meant to designate the long-leaf species, and, like " Florida pine," does mostly 

 conform to tliis designation except as noted before under the name of yellow pine. 



" VirgiiHa pine" and "Virginia yellow pine" are names hardly known elsewhere than in the 

 markets of Baltimore and Washington, where the bulk of the common building timber consists ol 

 it. It applies iu the main to the loblolly, with a very snmll percentage of short le;if making its 

 way into tlie pile. While tliis is mostly coarse-grained, inferior material, selected stutt when well 

 seasoned furnishes good finishing and flooring material. 



FIELD NAMES. 



Field names are those appHed to the four Soutliern pine lumber species in the tree and logs. 

 Such names are usually more or less known to dealers and manufacturers, but, aside from the 

 market names already discussed, are rarely, if ever. ai»plieil to lumber in the market. 



Of the three pines, long-leaf, short-leaf, and loblolly, the first alone is perfectly known by lum 

 bermeu and woodmen as a distinct "variety"(species). The remaining species, presenting to the 

 lumbernmn's eye various forms according to the site producing the timljer, are commonly sup])osed 

 "varieties" or "crosses" more or less rt'lated to the long-leaf pine. Specific difierences in the bim- 

 ber both iu appearance and (piality, form, however, a sufficient basis of distinction as far as liimlier 

 is concerned, although this distinction is not necessarily carried out iu putting lumber on the 



market. 



A few of the names in common use are fretiuently applied by kimbermen to entirely ditterent 

 species from tho.se usually known to botanists by t lie same name. The perplexity thus arising, 

 upon the supposition that the common names of our botanical text-books are applied to the species 

 by lumbermen, is not inconsiderable, and can doubtless be avoided only by a nuire careful atten- 

 tion on the part of the people to real .specific distinctions. 



The confusion in names is .such that it is almost impos.sible to analyze properly the use of these 

 names in the various regions. In the above tabulated account of names a geographical distri- 

 bution has been given as far as possilde. Here only a few of the names are to be discussed. 



"ritch-pine" is the name most commonly applied to the long-leaf in the Atlantic regions, and 

 where it occurs associated with the short leaf and loblolly the former is called "yellow i)ine" and 

 the latter is called "short leaf." The name "long leaf or long-leaved pine" is rarely heard in the 

 field, "longstraw" being substituted. 



The greatest diftV'rence of names and conseciuent confusion exists in the case of the loblolly, 

 due no doubt to the great variety of localities which it occuiiies and consequent variety of habit 

 of growth and quality. "Swamp" and "sap-pine" refer to comparatively young growth of the 

 loblolly, coarse grained, recognized by the rather deep longitudinal ridges of the bark, growing 



