286 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



while ivithout the use of fungicides the projiortion of scabhy fruits was 

 nearly as great. Had the spraying been commenced earlier, as we now 

 know to be desirable, even better results would have been obtained. 



The experiments conducted in 1893 by Prof. Lodeman of the Cornell 

 experiment station, show conclusively that fungicides can be applied with 

 profit to many varieties for apple-scab. 



By the use of Bordeaux mixture and Paris green, the number of first- 

 class apples was more than three times as great as when the trees were 

 unsprayed, while the weight or measure of a given number of fruits 

 showed that the spraying allowed them to attain a much larger size, and 

 thus the total yield was considerably increased. 



The illustrations show, in a very satisfactory manner, the results obtained 

 by Prof. Lodeman, Fig. 5 being the relative number of first- second- and 

 third-grade fruits obtained from King trees sprayed six times with Bor- 

 deaux mixture, while Fig. 6 shows the number of fruits in the same grades 

 from unsprayed trees. 



As a treatment for the apple-scab, we would recommend that the trees 

 be thoroughly sprayed with copper sulphate solution, before the growth 

 starts in the spring. This should be repeated with Bordeaux mixture as 

 soon as the blossoms have fallen. Especially if the season is a wet one, 

 from two to three more applications will be necessary to produce the best 

 results. The addition of Paris green to the second and third applications 

 will hold in check the codlin-moth and canker-worm. 



RIPE-ROT OR BITTER-ROT OF THE APPLES (Qlceosporium fructigenum. Berk,). 



The disease which has been commonly spoken of as bitter-rot, from the 

 unpleasant taste it gives the fruit, is also known as ripe-rot. The spots 

 turn brown and, later on, the surface becomes dotted with black pimples. 

 Like other fungi of the same genus, it can be held in check by the use of 

 fungicides. Wherever the disease is troublesome it can only be guarded 

 against by early and repeated applications, as, if the spores once gain 

 entrance to a fruit, the spread of the disease through the tissues can not be 

 prevented. The treatment required for apple-scab will suffice for this 

 disease, and no extra expense will be required. 



BLACK-ROT (Sphceropsis malorum, Berk.). 



While this disease resembles the ripe-rot in some respects, it differs in 

 the fact that it often appears upon partially grown fruit. The spots show 

 as discolored, rotten specks, at any point on the surface of the fruit, but 

 are most common near the stem. While they may be of small size 

 when first seen, they often spread over the whole surface. The part first 

 attacked soon becomes black in color, and minute pustules make their 

 appearance and gradually extend over the diseased portions, rupturing the 

 epidermis in concentric circles. The flesh beneath will be found moder- 

 ately dry and of a brown color, with streaks or blotches of a darker color 

 scattered through it. The spores are developed within the pustules upon 

 stout stalks and are more broadly oblong in shape and larger than most 

 spores. The mycelium of the fungus spreads through the tissues and 

 destroys them. 



So far as is known, there is no remedy that will prevent this disease, 

 but the use of the copper compounds will certainly lessen the injury. The 

 diseased fruit should also be destroyed. 



