70 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



gives the elevation of bed-rock. Add the difference in levels of the 

 bed-rock and surface points. This gives surface elevations. The dif- 

 ference between the surface elevation and that of bed-rock at any givea 

 point is the depth of the soil from surface to bed-rock. In this manner 

 the depth of soil may be determined in any locality. Where there are 

 no croppings of bed-rock, dig or sound for it near the four corners, and 

 proceed with the levelings as though it were present. For instance^ 

 assume 800 feet for the elevation of the surface of a proposed site at 

 the surface near its northeast corner. A sounding or pit develops bed- 

 rock at a depth of 5 feet. The elevation of bed-rock is, then, at thia 

 point, 795 feet. So all the way around. Subtract the depths at each 

 point from the surface elevations at the same points. The differences- 

 will be the elevations of bed-rock for each point. 



Unless the survey should develop the fact that the bed-rock de- 

 scribes a trough'oran upward fold — "hogback" — the bed-rock must be 

 regarded as a plane more or less inclined. After making the levelings 

 and measurements, draw a diagram of the site and designate the differ- 

 ent angles by the letters ABC, etc. At the angles, and at as many 

 other points as practicable, designate the elevations thus : B. 920, S^ 

 928; B. 930, S. 941, etc. B. will stand for bed-rock and S. for surface^ 

 The difference between B. and S. at any given point is the thickness 

 of soil at that point. By constructing a diagram and addressing the 

 eye, the system of dips, elevations, etc., can be more readily compre- 

 hended. 



Much has herein been said of levelings, and inasmuch as a level is 

 a convenient and useful instrument for the farmer and orchardist, a 

 description of the method of making one is given. I invented it a. 

 few months ago. Until I am granted a patent and a gold medal by 

 special act of Congress, all Missourians and their visiting friends are 

 hereby permitted to manufacture, use and sell them without let or 

 hindrance. 



Get a piece of hard-wood lath, say six feet long, two inches wide 

 and one inch thick. Stand it on end and mark a point about as high as 

 your eyes. At this point, insert a metal spindle, say one-eighth or one- 

 quarter of an inch in diameter and about two inches long. Get a piece 

 of board and saw out a triangle in a V shape. In the center of the toi> 

 of the Y, bore a hole near the edge and in the exact center of the 

 described top line. This hole should be a little larger than the diameter 

 of the spindle. In the bottom of the Y. or at apex of the described 

 triangle, insert one end of a piece of large wire, and bend the outer,, 

 lower end into a loop. Xow oil the spindle and pass it through the 

 hole in the triangle or V. To the loop at the apex of the V, attach a 



