140 STATE HOETIOULTUEAL SOCIETY. 



horticulture. Profitable orchard trees must be thrifty and of proper 

 tree shape; must have a body as well as roots and limbs. Beautiful 

 trees iu the orchard are only such when really trees. Proper tree 

 shape is a perpendicular, upright, one-trunk tree, both for beauty and 

 profit. A tree most profitable requires a proper beginning, which 

 ehould be the leading thought of the nurseryman. Quick profits is 

 too often the inspiring maxim ; shrubs instead of trees are used. 

 Root cuttings and shrub tops are so-called trees, but they can only 

 at best be short-lived, and shorter profit, and the misguided or- 

 chardiet is always sufferer. If there was no other desire than profit 

 in growing orchards, that is best realized in growing trees in the 

 orchard instead of shrubs, because better fruit, and more of it, can 

 be grown per acre on trees than on shrubs. Trees are easier kept 

 clean than shrubs. Trees are naturally designed for growing the 

 best fruit. 



Whole roots are good, but whole tops ate where the best fruit 

 grows ; therefore the whole tree is required to bring the best result. 

 Too much cutting has been done at the wrong time, too little attention 

 has been given to starting the orchard properly. Trees cannot be 

 grown without time and attention ; there are many things to be fully 

 €on8idered and industriously manipulated in producing a long-lived, 

 profitable and beautiful orchard. Trees can be made to live long, and 

 be profitable and beautiful all the while, by starting them properly in 

 well prepared land. Selection of locality is important, but whenever 

 planted, care is very necessary. Insect trouble comes mostly from 

 neglect, but mucli less trouble and loss will be found with '-trees" than 

 with too many shrubs. "Clean," well-shaped trees are not inviting 

 homes for insects, while shrubs afford the insects most comfortable 

 homes, winter and summer. Tree fruit, apples, pears, peaches, plums, 

 cherries and others, including quinces, require trees upon which to 

 grow, not only for beauty but for the best fruit and most of it ; even 

 gooseberries and currants are nearest perfect when grown on tree- 

 shaped plants; therefore, full-grown men should grow "trees" in the 

 orchard; planting shrubs instead of trees is like children's play in- 

 stead of man's business. Tree planting has a very special meaning 

 when properly considered. To cause long life in the tree it must be 

 planted in the ground, not set on the hard, unprepared earth, and must 

 be given sufficient room. Shrubs do not require much room, therefore 

 they have been used by the thousand, and by many have been called 

 trees, because they were obtained from nurserymen, and by them 

 recommended to be better than trees^ because many more could be 

 planted. 



