VERMONT DAIRYMEN'S ASSOCIATION. 135 



the agricultural implements of the age, what of the dairy appliances of 

 the hour! Farming is made comparatively easy; you know that is 

 true. What shall we do? Let us use the tools, let us exercise the 

 muscle less and the brain more, because it is beneath the brow that 

 contains the brain, that touches the button, that lifts the lever, that 

 moves the machinery of the world. The dairy cow is the machine. She 

 was made for a purpose, to transform food into milk and butter and the 

 dairyman should see that his cow transforms the largest amount of 

 food into milk and butter with the least waste possible. Let us study 

 her conformation and look her over a little and be satisfied in our 

 minds what constitutes a dairy cow. 



There she stands. What are her requirements? Her head should be 

 symmetrical; her eyes full and expressive; head small, ears of a medium 

 size, hair plentiful, nostrils large, mouth and lips broad and heavy, just 

 like mine. She should be of the right shape. Her neck should be 

 thin; she should be low on the ground, deep through the heart, ribs well 

 curved from the shoulder, and large at the hips; that gives ample room 

 for the storage capacity. That is what is needed in the dairy cow. 

 Broad across the hip; if they are narrow, there is not room enough for 

 the udder, and as they go through the pasture it swings to and fro, 

 their movements are hampered and they will not give as much milk as 

 they should. We once had a Holstein that during the months of July and 

 August we had to keep in the stable because her udder became so 

 chafed in walking. We should have an open conformation for the 

 dairy cow. a close conformation for the beef cow. It is impossible to 

 do good dairy work with a beef structure; you cannot do it; it is contrary 

 to the law of the breed — an open organization for the dairy cow. When 

 your calf develops into motherhood it will carry a large udder. It 

 requires a heavy udder cord to hold the udder to the body. If it is a 

 little cord when the calf develops into maturity it will have a small 

 udder. Now. the udder should be large and teats of medium size, and 

 well set along the udder. Here comes the mammiliaries ; the larger 

 they are the more milk veins and the greater number of holes at the 

 end of the veins the better the cow. Her skin should be of medium 

 thickness: take hold of the skin and pull it out and let it snap back;. 

 if it is life-like and elastic, you can make no mistake. 



Now, what shall we do under the circumstances. I told you what 

 we can do. I do not want to tell you farmers you cannot succeed unless, 

 you breed thoroughbred cattle; but there is one thing we can do: We 

 want to weed out the scrubs, keep the best calves. Scrub company is 

 the worst any one was ever in. I am going to say to the fathers and 

 mothers here to-day, if you have got a son or daughter going into scrub 

 company keep them out of it. It is so with scrub cattle. If you have 

 got some that it does not pay to keep, weed them out or they will be the 

 ruin of those you have got. I know by experience if you have got a lot 

 of scrub cows everything else is scrub. A thoroughbred scrub is the 

 worst thing you could have. Now, what shall we do when we feel the 



