REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1913. 53 



was to Georgia and the Carolinas, the second to Illinois. In Georgia 

 certain ancient village and stone-working sites were studied and 

 interesting material was secured; while in South Carolina the collec- 

 tions of the museum at Columbia were examined and a visit was 

 made to a large Indian mound on the Congaree River, 12 miles below 

 Columbia, where many relics of stone and earthenware were obtained 

 from an ancient burial ground. In western North Carolina a number 

 of the more important of the prehistoric mica mines were investi- 

 gated. The old workings were found to be very numerous and exten- 

 sive; some of the excavations, traces of which still remain, extended 

 to a depth of a hundred feet, and the amount of mica extracted and 

 carried away by the aborigines may be estimated at many hundreds 

 of tons. By digging in the ancient pittings, ]\lr. Holmes secured speci- 

 mens of the mica and of the stone implements employed by the 

 natives in their mining work. In southern IlUnois an examination was 

 made of an ancient flint quarry where the aborigines obtained the 

 material for their agricultural implements, examples of which as 

 well as of the tools used in the flint-chipping work, together with a 

 quantity of the refuse of manufacture, were collected for the 

 Museum. 



Under the joint auspices of the Smithsonian Institution and the 

 Panama-Cahfornia Exposition authorities, at San Diego, Cal., Dr. 

 A\e§ Hrdhcka, curator of the division of physical anthropology, 

 conducted personally thi'ee important field investigations, relating 

 respectively to geologically ancient man in the Old World, the origin 

 of the American race, and the anthropology and prehistoric pathology 

 of Peru. The first involved the visiting of practically every institu- 

 tion in Europe where authenticated skeletal remains of ancient man 

 are preserved. A large majority of these specimens were examined, 

 and in several instances, especially on the island of Jersey and at 

 Mauer, the locahties where they had been found were studied, result- 

 ing in a fund of valuable information. A comprehensive account of 

 the trip appeared in the annual report of the Smithsonian Institu- 

 tion for 1912. The second expedition was to Siberia and Mongolia 

 during the summer months of 1912, and was equally successful, 

 many important observations, supported by numerous photographs 

 and specimens, having been secured. The principal result, as set forth 

 in a brief report pubhshed in Volume 60 of the Smithsonian Miscel- 

 laneous Collections, under the title "Remains in eastern Asia of the 

 race that peopled America," was to the effect that scattered over 

 large parts of eastern Asia are remnants of native peoples, which, 

 notwithstanding a considerable mixture with more recent ethnic 

 elements, show many physical resemblances to the American Indian, 

 indicating at least distant relationships. The Peruvian expedition, 

 wliich continued from January until the end of April, 1913, amounted, 



