May I, 1884.] 



THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 



813 



The avarage price realized for the whole was /2'166 per 

 half kilogram. The highest price of the whole auction of 

 20th July ISSO was, as in 1879, paid for Ledgeriana bark 

 cut in chips (scraped bark), for which flO'Ol per half kilo 

 was paid. The gross proceeds of this sale amounted to 

 f-201,559-23, netting /'18,476-45A. The succirubra bark cut 

 in chips realized a higher price than any other lot of succi- 

 rubra: even more than the fine long quills that were sent. 

 This result was contrary to expectation, for, although with 

 barks intended for the preparation of quinine by manu- 

 facturers, the form in which they are offered for sale is 

 totally immaterial, it was always taken for granted that 

 the bark intended for pharmaceutical purposes— and the 

 original .succirubra is considered to belong to such — in the 

 form of fine long tubes was what was required by the trade, 

 and paid for the highest. The result is, at all events, satis- 

 factory, as it removes the objection which existed against 

 this sort of bark being cut in chips. It will now be necessary 

 to determine— which can be done in 1381— the composition 

 of the different barks after scraping: whether there is an 

 analogous improvement, at has been observed in the renewing 

 of whole strips of bark. It is remarkable that the long 

 quills of succirubra that were packed in bales provided with 

 cross strips of wood, and that arrived in Holland perfectly 

 sound and unbroken, did not fetch a higher price than those 

 sent without any protection in gunny bags, and of which 

 the outer row of quills generally arrive more or less injured. 

 And, further, that the broken quills of succirubra realized 

 a much higlier price (from 10 to 38 cents per h kilo) than 

 the long ones. All this seems to show that the trade is 

 beginning to care less for the form of those barks than 

 was formerly the case. A much better price was, however, 

 paid for the long quiUs of the several sorts than for the 

 short ones. Scraping was continued dm-ing 1880; but, in 

 order to injure the trees as little as possible, the bark was 

 only taken from two sides, whilst the other two sides were 

 left untouched. And, if formerly mention was made of the 

 trees suffering a little from this process, it was now found 

 that no difference could be observed between the trees that 

 were scraped and those that were not, although standing 

 together. From the 00 Ledgeriana trees that were treated 

 in this manner in 1878 for the first time, the new bark 

 has been removed this year. In 1878, fifty Idles was obtained 

 from these: now fifty-five kilos was cut from the stem. 

 Mclvor's method of stripping succirubra was continued, and 

 use was made of tlie alang-alang to cover the trees. The 

 Director of the Government Cinchona Gardens saw in Ceylon 

 and at the Neilgherries that grasses, among them the 

 Jinptralum Koenii/ii, were pretty generally used with great 

 success to cover the stripped trees. After this was reported 

 to Java, a trial was immediately made here with this grass, 

 which is so common near the cinchona gardens, and con- 

 sequently so cheap. The renewed succirubra bark of the 

 1879 crop fetched a price nearly one-half in excess of the 

 best original barks, notwithstanding its unsightly appear- 

 ance. This difference in price was owing to the greater 

 quantity of quinine it contained. 



5, — Staff; Materials; Expenses. — The head overseer G. 

 Schoen, who had been attached to the cinchona cultivation 

 since 18G2, was pensioned off at his request by Government 

 resolution of 15th July 1880, No. 8. By the same re.solution 

 the oldest overseer first clas", F. A. van Honk, was appointed 

 in his stead, R. H, J. Frank was promoted first overseer, 

 first class, and the overseer second class A. 0. Hettfleisch 

 von Ehrenhelm was made overseer first class. A. A. L. 

 van Stauffenbell Lijmers was promoted from 3rd to 2nd class, 

 and J. J. A. 0. Zijmers was appointed overseer 3rd class by 

 resohition of the Director of the Interior of 24th July 1880, 

 No. 481). The acting overseer 2nd class E. T. Veulemans 

 was discharged at his own request in December. The native 

 st;itf consisted on 31st December of one cinchona mantri, 

 one carpenter, one storekeeper and postman, 13 mandoers, 

 .and 212 boedjangs. At the commencement of the year a 

 s iflicient number of laborers came in, but towards the middle 

 of the ye:ir it was more difficult to procure them owing to the 

 rice harvest and the erection of poggers (fences') for the pre- 

 vention of the cattle plague taking away many hands. At 

 some establishments situaterl near the pagger there was a 

 panic among the hands in July, and all the laborers from 

 Kantja I'.king belonging to Kendeng-Patoeha fled and returned 

 to their dessas (homes). The nursery sheds at Tjibitoeng 

 were pulled domi, the woodwork was quite rotten, and they 



were no longer required. This establishment now provides 

 itself with succirubra plants from the plantations where 

 the young seedlings are fo.md by hundreds of thousands 

 under the trees. The nursery sheds at Kawah-Tjiwidei 

 were also pulled down, and were not rebuilt for the same 

 reason. One of the nurseries at Kioen-Goenoeg will be 

 repaired next year. The expenses of the imdertakiug 

 amounted to;^ 



Salaries of European staff / 287,257-00 



Stationery 360-00 



Travelling and halting expenses 1,484-04 



AVages of native staff 20,863-95 



Day laborers 12,086-77 



Making and repairing agricultural implements... 1,09085 



Carriage, of and p.acking of cinchona 3,126-07 



Do specie and materials 137-45 



Books 127-75 



M:itcrials for repair of the nursery houses and sheds 1,228-21 



Daily necessaries for the laboratory 57-10 



Servants for the laboratory 18000 



f 69,457-19 



being/ 3,897-19 more than was fixed by the budget of 1880. 

 This surplus was caused by higher wages and carriage and 

 by the necessity of a more careful cultivation, and conse- 

 quently of more labor which had to be expended on the 

 fields th.at were planted a second time. 



6.—T-)istributioa of Cinchona. — As the stock of seed from 

 original Ledgeriana trees was very small, the great demand 

 could not be met, or only partially so. Private planters, 

 however, who wished it, were supplied with seed from the 

 best offshoots of Ledgeriana. Succirubra and officinalis seed 

 could be sent away in large quantities. Many private 

 jilanters now apply 'themselves to taking cuttings from 

 C. Ledc/ei-iana using with great success the young shoots 

 often 'found on the stems of the one and two year old 

 plants. They only take cuttmgs from the most typical 

 plants, and so obtain a very valuable material for the ex- 

 tension of their plantations. 



7. — Infoi-mation requrdinij the Tarietien of Cinchona Reared 

 inJava.—Oi the trials made with artificial fertilization, 

 and mentioned in last annual report, the following have 

 succeeded:— .l/i>;-n««7(n and Calisaya Javanica : Micrantha 

 and Calisai/a .Schuldraft; and Sticcindira and Calisai/a 

 Jax-anicn. The young fruit of the other crossings either 

 fell off before maturity or were destroyed by the wind, 

 by the breaking of the branches on which they were growing,- 

 or otherwise. The fertilization this year gave no results. 

 Of the abovementioned three crossings the seeds were put 

 to germinate, and a sufficient number of plants was procured 

 to serve for study. They are yet too small to allow of 

 much being said about them, but the effect of the cinchona 

 varieties u.sed for fructification can be clearly seen in the 

 form of the leaves of many of the seedlings. The plants 

 procured from the seed sent by Mr. Schidikraft in 1877 

 are already commencing to flower, and they belong to the 

 C. Josephiana (C. Calisaya Hchuhkraft). Tliose procured 

 from seed received from the same som-ce this year are yet 

 too small to allow of any opinion being given about them. 

 A case containing a heriiarium of the cinchona varieties 

 reared in Java, with their barks, and an e-xijbinatory note, 

 was sent to Sir. Schuhkraft. A better knowledge of those 

 species will probably enable him to procure seed of the 

 C. Ledaeriana from North Bolivia. 



S.— Chemical Anaji/ses. — Owing to the absence of the 

 Director of the Government Cinchona Cultivation, the 

 chemical analyses were suspended for five months. The stem 

 and root wood, as also the leaves of the C. Ledgeriana dug 

 up in 1879, the determining of the alkaloids of the .several 

 barks of which is mentioned in the annual report of 1876 

 under No. 1-21. were now examined fo discover their 

 alkaloids. A relatively large quantity of pure quinine was 

 taken from" the wood, but there were only slight traces of 

 alkaloid in the leaves, the nature of which could not be 

 ascertained more accurately. The particulars are noted 

 under 9, 10, and 11. The analyses 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8, are of 

 young Ledgerianas obtained from seed. The bark No. 2 

 was procured by purning — being from branches of diffiTcnt 

 ages— mixed with stem bark of young trees that had been 

 uprooted by storms. The details" under 3, 5, 6, and 7, are 

 ot private plantings of four and five year old trees, whilst 



