'J6 



IHE tROPtCAL AGRiCtJLTtJRISt, 



[Uav i, 1884, 



all the establishments, in order to utilize the ground thus 

 gained for the planting, according to circumstances, of 

 C. succiruhia or C. Ledgeriana. The succirubra plantation at 

 Lembang, of which it was said in the previous year's re- 

 port that it did not appear a success, has been completely 

 restored, by a steady thorough digging, kept up through- 

 out the almost four months of continuous drought. All 

 places planted a second time however require much care, 

 eifort and labor, to obtain for the trees standing there a 

 satisfactory growth. Nevertheless, among them are included 

 very vigorous gardens, where the trees show themselves 

 grateful for the great trouble and are not inferior to those 

 planted in virgin forest soil. The measuremeuts begvm in 

 1879 and 1880 were repeated in the same month of 1881. 

 Although the plantation at Tjibeui-eum has recovered from 

 the great damage which the helojidtis did there in 1879, the 

 growth cannot yet be considered normal. The mean height was 

 now 2'44, the diameter of the crown 1'42, the circumference 

 of the stem 0-18 miu. measured at O'l min. above the gTOund. 

 The maximum found among these trees was : height 310, 

 crown diameter 1'80, stem circumference U'28 min. The grafts 

 and cuttings at Tirtasari, which were jjlanted in November 

 1879, and the length and girth of which were first determined 

 in the same month of 1880, were now once more measured. 

 The cutting:s were on an average I'Simin. high, had a crown 

 diameter of 07y and a stem circumference of 0'09 min. at 

 O'l min. above the ground. Among the grafts these were : 

 1'64, 1;.'8, and 0-13 mhi. The largest of these grafts was 

 2'19 min. high, had a crown diameter of ItlO and a stem cir- 

 cumference of 018, whilst in the case of the most developed 

 cuttings these were 1-80, 115 and 0-135 min. The grafts had 

 increased so much in breadth that they had aheady begun 

 to huider each other in growth, although they were planted 

 at a distance of 6 feet apart and were scarcely two years 

 old yet. On this account, and because they showed too 

 much tendency to grow shrubby, they were in October 

 denuded of their lowest branches, in order to force them 

 to grow more in length. The healthy appearance and the 

 vigorous growth of these grafts hitherto leave nothing to be 

 desired. The helopeltis steadily continues its ravages, 

 and we are powerless to combat the little insect. The 

 catching and killing was carried on in the joung plant- 

 ations, but the effect is very local, and those caught are 

 speedily replaced from the millions that live on the high 

 trees in the older plantations. At Nagrak a disease ap- 

 peared in the officinalis plantations which apparentlj must 

 be ascribed to the destruction caused by the location of 

 a fungus in the bark. The tops of the plants are found to 

 die off here and there, to about 3 to 6 feet from the 

 ground, above a place on the stem where the bark is dis- 

 colored and generally swollen. The portion of the stem 

 below and the root are perfectly sound, so that the affection 

 is a local one, and the explanation is very probably that it 

 is cau.''ed by a fungus, which first obtains a nidus in the 

 hark and then extends its ravages also to the wood, until 

 the tissue is so altered and destroyed as to render im- 

 possible the nutrition of the portion of the .stem situated 

 above the diseased place. 1 caused all the diseased tops 

 to be sawn off, and after the bark was gathered from 

 them the wood to be burnt. 



4. — Harxestma of Bark. — The crops of ISSl amounted to 

 82,e97'5 kilograms, of which M,043-5 kil. were sent to Eur- 

 ope, whilst 1,654 kil. were reserved for the medical service 

 in N. India. Drying was rendered very difficult by the 

 prevailing east monsoon. At Nagrak a drying-room has 

 been erected, which was ready for use ii\ November.'and 

 gave satisfaction. As the necessity for artificial drying is 

 much felt, now that harvesting is carrietl on throughout 

 the year, two of the other estabhshments will also be pro- 

 \'ided with similar drying-rooms. The transport of cin- 

 chona bales went on regularly and caused no trouble, though 

 the price was somewhat high. An average of 3 49-lOOth 

 cents per kilogiam to Tjicao was paid. The bark har- 

 vested in 1880 was sold in Amsterdam on 12th July, at the 

 following average prices per halt kilogram: — 



C succirubra ... ... ... ... /1*55^ 



„ Cahsaya Javanica ... ... ... 1'32' 



„ „ Schuhkiaft ... ... ... 093* 



„ Ledgeriana ... ... ... ... 5'86 



„ Hasskarliana ... ... ... 0-92 



„ officinalis ... ... ... ... 2*45 



„ laneifolia ... ... ... ... 1'25 



., Fahudiana ,., ... ... ... 095 



or an average of /1-365 per half kilo. There was, at the 

 time of the sale, a great decline m the prices of bark, .so 

 that^ the average price was consequently lower than that 

 of 1880, though the composition of the lots was not mat- 

 erially different. The Ledgeriana bark cut in flakes fetched 

 ,/6-94 to 7-48 per half kilogram. The two year old renewed 

 Ledgeriana bark cut in flakes fetched, on the other hand, 

 only /5-76 per half kilogram. The yield of quinine was 

 lower than that of the original bark, and its separation 

 was besides less easy, on account of the greater quantity 

 of resinous and coloring matter. It has therefore now been 

 resolved to leave the renewed bark of this .variety mitil it 

 is three years old before it is shaved off. ' Partial strip- 

 ping has been carried on more and more largely, whilst 

 the experiments with shaving have been continued on an 

 extended scale. Although an opinion cannot yet be given 

 with certainty as to the comparative value of these two 

 methods, it is probable that in the case of C. succirubra 

 partial stripping with a subsequent covering, and in those 

 of C. ojjicinulis and C. Ledyerimm shaving, is preferable. 

 For covering, grasses are now exclusively employed : where 

 alacg-alang is easily prociu-able it has the preference, but 

 other grasses also, found on the plantations, appear to be 

 very good for use. The covering is bound fast with iu- 

 djoek string, which is very diu-able and is useil solely for 

 this piu-pose. or with ratan. It is worthy of remark that 

 for the ffi-sttime the younger Ledgeriana plantations con- 

 tributed to the harvest. At Tjinjiroeau they were pruned, 

 and at the same time trees of a very bad tyjie, which 

 proved evidently hybrids, were dug out. At Nagrak 13 

 bouws of 5 to 6 year old plants were pruned, which yielded 

 an average of 7('0 kilograms per bouw : thinnmg out can, 

 after this pruning, be deferred. At Tritasari it was necess- 

 ary to prune the grafts, the oldest of which were just two 

 years, and by this means about 150 kilos per bouw were 

 obtained. 



b.—St(i£' and Eapenjes.— Among the assistants there were 

 the following changes in 1881 :— J. J. A. Zijmers was pro- 

 moted to overseer of the 2nd class, J. H. Heijnnemau, who 

 was formerly discharged on accourrt of sickness, was again 

 appointed overseer of the 2nd class, and O. Furst Brui- 

 nmga acting overseer of the 3rd class. The fixed native 

 staff consisted on 3lst December of 1 cinchona mantri, 1 

 caipenter, 1 packhouse-mandoor and postman, 15 mandoors, 

 and 221 boedjangs. The supply of labor was on the whole 

 satisfactory. AVages, however, are slowly increasing. At 

 Kawah-Tjiwidei the second umsery-house was also taken 

 down. The materials were collected in order to build in 

 18S2 a Eew, very large nursery-house at Tjinjiroean. of 

 which there was need, on account of the extension which 

 has been given to grafting under glass. The glass of the 

 dismantled nursery-houses at Kawah-Tjiwidei will be utilized 

 for that purpose." The expenses on account of the enter- 

 prise comprised: 



Salaries of European staff ... ... /28,925-00 



Correspondence ... ... ... 3e0-00 



Travelling and halting expenses ... 2,720-32 



Salaries of the fiied native staff ... 22,617-15 

 AVages of day laborers ... ... 11,408-11 



Manufacture and repair of tools ... 088-52 



Transport and packing of bark ... 5,603-86 



Do. of money and materials ... 04-/5 



Matei ials of nursery-houses, drying furn- 

 aces and sheds ... ... ... 2,071-74 



Kei/iisites for the chemical laboratory 121-30 



Sen ants for the laboratory .. ... 180-00 



./7-l,590-76 

 °™g.^ ''730-75 more than was estimated in the budget for 

 1881. This increased espenditure was chiefly due to the 

 nnich larger harvest, the erection of a drying-room,, and 

 the rise in wages. 



^- — Distrilivtion of Cinchona. — It has already been stated 

 above that the applications of private persons for seed 

 from original Ledgeriana trees could not be met. Seed of 

 descendants rich in quinine was however fully available, 

 and was distributed in large quantities, as also succirubra 

 and officinalis seed. Already several of the private growers 

 arc providing themselves with tree gardeners, in order to 

 practice grafting on a large scale. The opening up of lots 

 situated at considerable distances from the Government 

 cinchona gardens has proved tliat the varieties of cinchona 

 are already tegiuning to sjiteail in the original forest. 



