362 



tHE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 



[November i, 1883. 



about 5 inches. The hark, grey in coloui', has a pale, 

 sulphurous efflorescence, auil but few transverse lines. 



C. Officinalis. — This log is twi.stecl, as if it had grown 

 up with some large creeper; about ti inches in diameter, 

 rough and rugose, with many and rather deep transver.se 

 splits in the bark. 



C. I'ali I'diana. — The bark of this species presents a cm-ious 

 appearance of irregular stains of various shades. Its cultiv- 

 ation is now neglected, from its poverty in alkaloids; dis- 

 covered by Hasskarl, it was lai'gely cultivated at first in 

 Java, but fortunately not so in India. 



C. MicntntJitt. — About 4 inches in diameter; the bark 

 has circular whitish patches and a quantit/ of pale-colom-ed 

 lichens. 



C. Luncifolia. — This bark \'i pale grey, with no lichens, 

 but reddish stains scattered over the whole surface. 



C. Calopteru. — Much resembling C. micrantha, but with 

 a distinct reddish tint in places. 



C Galistufa Javanica. — A large log, about 9 inches in 

 diameter. Thisbark has a yellowish tint, approaching to 

 reddi.sh brown, with no lichens, but rough in appearance; 

 a tree of this size would give a flat bark. 



C HasskarHana. — Much resembles the discarded Pahud- 

 iana, but with decided ti'ansverse marks; its name, dis- 

 puted by Dr. De Vrij in 1874, is now well recognised. 



C. Jose2'lii(i»a (or C Calisiii/a Josepkiaim). — The wood is 

 nearly a foot thick, and the bark has very deep clefts. 



C. Uttccinihra. — Tliis has a rusty colour; halt the bark 

 has been removed, and when the log was cut downi was 

 renewing itself. It has reddish stains, like some slrin 

 disease, and many transverse lines, which, meeting the 

 longitudinal ones, cut up the bark into little dice-like 

 squares. 



No specimen of C. calisaya Ani/lica, called by Howard 

 C. Am/lica — a hybrid between C. calisaya and C. svcciruhra; 

 and specimens of reneweil barks, with their alkaloidal 

 yield at various times, would have been valu.able. 



Cultivation. — This is now yearly rapidly increasing in 

 Java. The valu.able C. Leth/eriana cannot be grown at high 

 elevations, as the more hardy Succirubra, robust and of 

 quicker growth . The Pahudiana and Oaloptera are neglected, 

 and have but little commercial value in Holland. The 

 practice, introduced by Heer J. 0. Bernelot Moens, of 

 sharing off the rich outer bark, as near as possible to the 

 cambium layer without injuring it, is much followed, as 

 these .shavings are easily dried and packed. Another meth- 

 od consists in taking the bark from a part of the matured 

 tree and mossing over the stripped place until the bark 

 is renewed. Coppice shoots and tops are also cut down 

 and the bark dried. 



Commerce. — Tile exanination of these barks from a scienti- 

 fic point is very useful, but from a commercial point of 

 view their investigation is even more interesting, for I 

 beheve that commerce in its many-sided aspects is a field 

 for the exercise of the highest faculties of the mind. The 

 results of my inquiries as to what cinchonas are actually 

 sent from Java to be sold in Holland are as follows: — This 

 list is that of a part of the crop of 1SS2, now lying for 

 sale in the city of Amsterdam, with the quantities for 

 sale about the same time last year. 



Totals 1,869 1,163 



the plantations of Slalabar, Kendeng, and T.angkoeban 

 l^raoe all produce the first tlu-ee, also Officinalis and 

 Ledgeriana; Calisaya Augliea comes from T. Praoe, H.ass- 

 karliaua from Malabar and T. Praoe, LancifoUa from Ken- 

 deng and Malaljar. Of the 1881 crop sold in 1882 no 

 Cahsaya Anghoa came over, and then Hasskarliana came 

 from the three plantations, and Lancifoha from T. Praoe 

 only. 



The bales of l).arks are m.arked respectively M. Iv, and 

 (cQining frpm T, Praoe) PL and PN. 



Analysis. — The follovring table gives the richness of these 

 barks and their alkaloidal j-ield, and shows us that this 

 is the true standpoint tor selection of barks, not alone for 

 quinine manufacturers,butalso for pharmacists evei-ywhere: — 



Bark. 



C. Sitccii-tibra («) — 



Shaviugs- 



Bold thick quill, mossed 



Renewed bark- 



SmaU - 



Small and broken - 



Root bark 

 0. Calisaya SchiMi aft (h) 



Bold and thick quUl 



Medium-sized quill- 

 Broken and small - 



Boot balk 

 C. Javanica — 



Bold 



Medium - - - 



Boot bark 

 C. Calisnt/a Aiiglica — 



Bold quili, thick bark 

 C. Hassl;aiiiana — 



ISold quill, thick bark 



Small and broken - 



Boot bark 

 C. Officinalis (<•)— 



Eenewed bark 



Small and broken - 



Boot bark 

 C. LancifoUa (d)— 



Medium quill, rather 

 thin bark - 

 C. Ledgeriana {e) — 



Shavings- 

 „ of renewed bark 



Medium-sized quill and 

 bark- 



SmiiU and broken; 

 branches and tops 



Boot bark 



Analysis. 



1-3 

 1-2 

 2-2 

 0-7 

 0-5 

 1-0 



0-9 

 0-4 

 0-4 

 1-4 



1-3 

 0-5 

 1-2 



1-4 



1-8 

 0-3 

 1-5 



3-9 

 1-9 

 3-9 



1-3 



8-5 

 9-3 



4'2 



1-4 

 31 

 3-9 

 3-9 

 5-3 



Ciiichon- 

 ine and 

 Amorph- 

 ous 

 Alkaloid, 



2-9 



2-8 

 3-4 

 3-3 

 2-9 

 4'8 



1-6 

 1-5 

 1-0 



2-4 



1-8 

 0-9 

 3-3 



2-9 



1-7 

 1-3 

 3-3 



1-3 

 07 

 2-7 



— 1-9 



0-9 

 1-0 



1-5 



1-3 

 1-3 

 1-8 

 2-2 

 1-3 



9-2 

 8-8 

 7-5 

 6-8 

 5-2 

 8-7 



3-2 

 2-3 

 1-8 

 51 



4-5 

 1-5 

 6-4 



5-8 



4-8 

 2-0 

 60 



60 

 3-9 

 9-2 



46 



9-4 

 10-3 



6-0 



2-7 

 50 

 5-9 

 7-8 

 7-6 



Histon/. — "Weddell, in 1848, brought Cinchona calisaya 

 seeds from South America, which germinated at the Jardin 

 des Plantcs, P.iris, and in 1852 live seedlings were sent 

 through the Dutch Government to Java. Daniel Haubury 

 says that the first important attempts at cinchona cultiv- 

 ation were made by the Dutch.* 



J. 0. Hasskarl was sent to Peru in 1852 from Holland, 

 and brought over seeds of C. calisaya m 1854. 



a Succirubra contains generally a httle quinine, much 

 cinchonidinc, no quinidiiie; about 2'0 to 3'0 cinchoniue, 

 and 0'6 to 1"0 amorphous allcaloid. 



b These Calisayas contain all the alkaloids, none up to 

 2*0 of ([uiniue; I'O to 2'0 of ciiich(miiie, and 0'2 to 0'6 

 each of amorphous alkaloid and quinidiue. 



c Officinalis.- — The renewed bark is rich in quinine, though 

 not .so rich as last year, when it contained 48; no root 

 bark came last year ; it cont»iins about 0'5 oinchonine, and 

 very little quinidine except in root bark. 



(/ LancifoUa contains no quinidine, about 1'5 to 2"o cin 

 choiiiue, anil 05 amoriihous alkaloid. 



e Ledyeriann that last year did not contain above 8'0 

 quinine, contains up to 9*3 (and total alkaloids 10"3) this 

 year. It is a wonderful bark, especially coutalnhig very 

 little or no cinchouidine, quinidine, or cinchoniue; the richest 

 in quinine has the smallest quantities of them, and also 

 of the amnrjihous alkaloid. 



* "JMiarmacographia," Hanbury and Pliickiger, 1874, 

 page 311. 



