MUSEUM OF COMPAKATIVE ZOOLOGY. 27 



elevated shell whicli I described from what was then Nebraska as Helix Cooperi. 

 (See Vol. IV. PI. LXXVII. Fig. 11.) Equally confident was Dr. Newcomb that 

 the small, carinated, lenticular shell described by him from Nevada as Helix 

 HemjJiilli was new to science. Subsequently, Dr. Gabb described as Helix 

 Haydeni what appeared to be a distinct species with heavy revolving ribs. 

 More recently authors less acquainted with the group have added to the sy- 

 nonymy by describing under the names of H. militaris and H. Bruneri what 

 appeared to them to be new species. When the researches of Mr. HemphiU 

 and others had brought large numbers of specimens from many localities in the 

 Central Province, it became evident that what had appeared distinct species 

 were connected by intermediate forms, and therefore should be considered va- 

 rieties only. Even Helix Idahoensis also seemed to be but an aberrant form of 

 the same protean species. Then came the explorations of Mr. Hemphill in 

 Utah, bringing to light several more well-marked varieties, constant in their 

 respective localities, several of which would be recognized by most naturalists 

 as good species. Mr. Hemphill ^as distributed these as var. IFasatchensis, 

 Oquirrhensis, Newcomhi, Gouldi, Binneyi, alhofasciata, castanea, Utahensis, Gab- 

 biana, muUicostata, — names printed in his catalogue, though as yet unaccom- 

 panied by descriptions or figures. 



I here propose treating separately each of these marked varieties. It must 

 be borne in mind that in each form there is found considerable variation in 

 size, in elevation of spire, and breadth of umbilicus. 



The geographical range of the group is very great. Though Idahoensis, Hay- 

 deni, and most of Mr. Hemphill's varieties are restricted to narrow Limits, the 

 forms usually referred to strigosa and Cooperi have been found from the Lake 

 of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains in the British Possessions on the north, 

 to numerous localities in New Mexico and Arizona on the south. The eastern 

 boundary is the main range of the Rocky Mountains, but in Wyoming and 

 Dakota (as now constituted) it is found more easterly, even in the Black Hills 

 at longitude 104° in the southwestern corner of Dakota, the original locality of 

 Cooperi. It was not, however, found by Mr. Hemphill at Helena, Montana, 

 nor nearer to it than a point two hundred miles south on the road to Salt Lake 

 City. On the west, it ranges to the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains, 

 and passes the latter evpn to the Pacific Ocean, though the specimens collected 

 from time to time west of the Cascades in Washington Territory and Oregon 

 may have been individuals brought down by the Columbia River from the 

 regions east of the Cascades, or colonies descended from such. I doubt the 

 species being really an inhabitant of the Pacific Region. 



It was Mr. Hemphill who called my attention to this explanation of the 

 presence in the Pacific Province of Central Province species. I cannot do 

 better than quote his words : " I have no evidence of Patula strigosa having 

 crossed the summit of the main range of the Sierra Nevada to the westward 

 and entered the Pacific Province. The Cascade range of mountains in Ore- 

 gon is, as you are aware, a continuation of the Sierra Nevada. It crosses the 



