MATTHEW, CLIMATE AND EVOLUTION 



215 



• In the living Primates we have survivors of pre-human stages in the 

 evolution of man, specialized to a varying extent in different directions 

 from him, so that they have not come into direct rivalry with him, and 

 have hence survived. 



The latest infra-human cycle is represented by the anthropoid apes, 

 surviving to-day in the forests of West Africa and of the East Indies. 

 We may suppose that these are remnants of a cycle of dispersal from a 

 central Asiatic source, but we have no sufficient data to define its extent 

 or time, except as late Tertiary and probably limited to Arctogsea. 

 Nearest to man in intelligence and habits, this cycle has been swept out 

 of existence, except for the few members which were or became adapted. 



LIVING AND EXTINCT GROUPS OF PRIMATES 



N5ECT 

 IVORA 



Pig. 8. — Phylogenetic relations of the living and extinct groups of Primates 



The circles indicate the size and known geological raoge of the several groups, the 

 dotted lines their most pi-obable derivation. Their supposed relations to certain Insectiv- 

 ora and intermediate extinct groups are also indicated. 



as our o^ni ancestors were not, to tropical forest life. The arboreal 

 habitat may be interpreted as a partial reversion. The doubtful and 

 fragmentary remains of anthropoid apes in the Pliocene of Europe and 

 of northern India are about all that the geological record has to state in 

 regard to the former distribution of this cycle. 



The next lower cycle is that of the monkeys and baboons of the Old 

 World, and as a very doubtful early phase, the New World monkeys. 

 The Old World monkeys inhabit most of Africa, India and the East 

 Indies. To the northeast they extend to southern Japan. Closely re- 

 lated forms are found in the late Miocene of central and southern Eu- 



