22 ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 



Copp:'s Eestoration 



A life-size restoration of Camarasaurus was made by Dr. John A. 

 Eyder under the direction of T'rofcssor Cope about 1878, parts of several 

 individuals being assembled to make a composite individual. 



The material on which the restoration of tke skull was based was very 

 incomplete, only the posterior portion of the cranium and the anterior 

 portion of the mandibles being represented. The restoration of the skull 

 was, therefore, almost entirely hypothetical. The teeth were restored as 

 of carnivorous rather than herbivorous type, and were placed along the 

 sides of the jaws instead of in the front as is now knf)wn to lie the case in 

 the Sauropoda. The teeth extend posteriorly behind the orbit, some of 

 them even appearing to be rooted in the jugal bone. 



The cervical and dorsal vertebrjB are not distinctly separated in the 

 restoration, nor are the dorsal and sacral. No ribs are represented. The 

 cervical series as restored contains ten or twelve vertel^rae, no atlas being 

 represented. The dorsal series contains sixteen, seventeen or nineteen 

 vertebrae, according to the interpretation of vertebrae eleven and twelve as 

 dorsals or cervicals, and vertebra twenty-nine as dorsal or sacral. Sixty 

 caudals are present in the restoration. According to our present knowl- 

 edge of Camarasaurus, the number of cervicals should be twelve or thir- 

 teen, the number of dorsals ten, of sacrals five, while the number of cau- 

 dals is doubtful. In the restoration, there are too many anterior caudals 

 and too few small distal ones. 



The bones of the fore-limb are too long in the restoration. Four hypo- 

 thetical carpal bones are represented. The phalangeal formula of the 

 restoration is 4, 5, 5, 5, 5. The ischium is represented as slightly ex- 

 panded at the distal end as in Brontosaurus. instead of tapering slightly 

 as it does in the type. The tibia and fibula are each about seven inches 

 longer than the actual bones. Three tarsal bones, of which at least one 

 is hypothetical, arc represented. The phalangeal formula as restored is 

 2, 3^ 3, 5, 4. 



It is interesting to observe that, at this early date, Professor Cope con- 

 cluded that the Sauropoda walked upright, instead of crawling, as was 

 contended a few years ago by Tornier and others, and denied by Matthew 

 and Holland. 



