70 Geological Society. 



Minor except in a fossil state ; and the genus Melano|)sis, abundant 

 in every stream in the country, was not found in the tertiary strata. 

 The author then gives a detailed account of each lacustrine deposit, 

 designating it by the name of the valley in which it occurs, or the 

 principal town in its vicinity. He terms them the basins of Mou- 

 dania, Doondar, Harmanjik, Taushanli, Gozuljah, Azani, Ghi^diz, 

 Hushak, Sardis, Smyrna, and the lower vale of the Meander. 



7. Tertiary marine formations. — Accumulations assigned to this 

 class, are stated to occur on the coast of the Troad, both banks of the 

 Dardanelles, and in the southern part of Tenedos, but they were not 

 examined by the author. 



8. Trachytic and trap rocks. — Patches of these rocks are scattered 

 abundantly over Asia Minor, and are commonly associated with the 

 lacustrine deposits, which in some cases appear to be older, in others 

 younger, than the igneous rocks. The following are the points at 

 which they were observed by Mr. Strickland and Mr. Hamilton in the 

 journey from Constantinople to Smyrna: Both sides of the Bospho- 

 rus, a few miles north of Constantinople ; the promontory of Boz- 

 bornou, north of the gulf of Moudania ; Hammamli near Kirmasteu 

 on the Rhyndacus ; between Debrent and Taushanli, where volcanic 

 matter is intermixed with a lacustrine sandstone ; the vicinity of 

 Ghi^diz, where a basaltic mass has sent forth a coulee of columnar 

 amygdaloid, which is 10 feet thick, and rests upon beds of sand and 

 gravel inclosing pebbles of trachyte ; Gunay ; the hills west of Kobek j 

 about 8 miles from Adala, on the road to Koola j the western side of 

 Mount Sipylus; and the hills immediately above Smyrna. 



9. Modern volcanic rocks. — These were observed by the author only 

 in the Catacecaumene, and are termed by him modern, with reference 

 to geological epochs and not to historical events. He refers them to 

 two ages, marked by the different degree of preservation of the cones of 

 scoria and by the appearance of the streams of lava which have flowed 

 from them. The older cones, 30 in number, are low and flat ; their 

 craters have either disappeared or are marked by a small depression, 

 and they are covered almost invariably with vineyards producing the 

 Catacecaumene wine. The streams of lava connected with them are 

 also level on the surface and covered with turf. To the north of the 

 Hermus the author observed many isolated hills of lacustrine lime- 

 stone, capped by beds of lava or basalt, which he considers may have 

 flowed from these older cones. 



The newer volcanos, of which there are only three, must have 

 been extinct for at least 3000 years ; yet their craters are perfectly 

 defined, and their streams of lava are black, rugged, and barren. 

 One of these craters, visited by the author, is called Karadewit or 

 the Black Inkstand, and is about 1^ mile north of Koola. It is a vast 

 mound of reddish scoriae and ashes, has a small crater on the north 

 side, and an immense sea of black lava containing olivine and augite 

 has flowed from its base. 



As an additional proof of the comparatively great antiquity of these 

 modern volcanic eruptions, Mr. Strickland describes the effects of a 

 stream of lava at Adala, a town in the north-east extremity of the 

 plain of Sardis. The Hermus enters this plain from the Catacecaii- 



