78 Jntellis^ence and Miscellaneous Articles, 



'b 



Colonel Colebrook, Royal Artillery, M.R.A.S., to the Royal Asiatic 

 Society, and appears in No. Vi. of that Society's Journal. 



**The toddy is collected in vessels perfectly clean, into each of which 

 a small quantity of the al, or banyan-tree, is put to retard fermenta- 

 tion and correct astringencies. Before the liquor begins to ferment, 

 it is strained through a clean cloth, and boiled in a pan of brass, or 

 other metal, until the impurities rise to the surface, when they are 

 carefully skimmed off. When the liquor has lost its watery colour 

 and become a little reddish, it is poured into another pan, and boiled 

 over a strong fire, the scum being again taken off as it accumulates. 

 The fire is then gradually diminished, until a while scum appears on 

 the surface and increases to a froth. The liquor then becomes ad- 

 hesive, and of a consistency to be removed from the fire, which is 

 ascertained by allowing a little of it to cool, and by drawing it into a 

 thread between the finger and thumb. If the thread does not break 

 when drawn to about an inch in length, the syrup is removed from 

 the fire, poured into another vessel, and left to cool till it is little 

 more than lukewarm. A little crystallized jagri, or coarse sugar- 

 candy, is then mixed with it, and the whole is poured into a fresh 

 vessel, having an aperture and stopple in the bottom, so accommo- 

 dated as to allow the uncrystallized part to ooze out. Crystallization 

 is completed in about a week, when the stopple is removed to allow 

 the remaining fluid to escape, and at the end of another week the 

 crystallized sugar is taken and placed near a fire in a goni, or sack. 

 The expense of manufacture is about one penny and one-eighth per 

 pounds exclusive of the cost of vessels." 



PROFESSOR RENWICK ON THE HEIGHT OF THE ROCKY MOUN- 

 TAINS OF NORTH AMERICA. 



We extract the following observations respecting the altitude of 

 these mountains, hitherto so much underrated, from the Appendix to 

 Mr. Washington Irving's *' Astoria, or Enterprize beyond the Rocky 

 Mountains," just published, hoping to draw further attention to the 

 subject both in Europe and in America. 



** Various estimates have been made of the height of the Rocky 

 Mountains, but it is doubtful whether any have as yet done justice to 

 their real altitude, which promises to place them only second to the 

 highest mountains of the known world. Their height has been di- 

 minished to the eye by the great elevation of the plains from which 

 they rise. They consist, according to Long, of ridges, knobs, and 

 peaks, variously disposed. The more elevated parts are covered with 

 perpetual snows^ which contribute to give them a luminous and, at a 

 great distance, even a brilliant appearance j whence they derived, 

 among some of the first discoverers, the name of the Shining Moun- 

 tains. 



" James's Peak has generally been cited as the highest of the 

 chain ; and its elevation above the common level has been ascer- 

 tained, by a trigonometrical measurement, to be about eight thou- 

 sand five hundred feet. Mr. Long, however, judged, from the po- 

 sition of the snow near the summits of other peaks and ridges at no 



