or Quadrupeds indicated in Outline. 339 



structure must never be neglected, more especially in phy- 

 siological discussions, still an obvious external character will 

 be commonly the most useful sign ; not only in a popular, but 

 also in every system of zoographical arrangement. 



This reciprocal adaptation of external characters to indicate 

 internal forms, and this reconcilement of ancient, established and 

 familiar terms, with modern discoveries and attainments, are 

 objects too little and too seldom regarded ; and names both 

 perspicuous, and expressive, are too often allowed to become 

 obsolete, or stigmatised as vulgar and incorrect, while others, 

 less energetic and equally objectionable, are as often introduced. 

 Of this, the words Brutes, Beasts, Quadrupeds, Cattle, &c. &c. 

 now attempted to be re-established, may serve as apposite ex^ 

 amples. Thus the word Quadruped, as above defined, when 

 limited to the truly four-footed individuals of the one class, 

 while Tetrapod is restrained to those of the other, may again 

 become a useful philosophic term, after being all but obsolete 

 in science ; though in popular language, from its obvious 

 signification, it has always maintained its ground. 



Having, on principles similar to these, already applied the 

 word Brutes, to denote mere animals, thus excluding the 

 mental or human grade, and distinguishing rational and im- 

 mortal man from the mere sensual brutes that perish, (vide 

 li Journal of Science," No. vi.) and having defined the first 

 class of brutes to be those vertebrated, lung-breathing, warm- 

 blooded animals, whose bodies are invested with hair, or 

 naked ; at least not covered by feathers ; which brute animals 

 we termed Beasts, to distinguish them from Birds and Reptiles, 

 and having (in i( Journal of Science," Nos. viii. and x.) fol- 

 lowed out the distribution of the two first types of this class, 

 which have respectively feet in the form of hands, and feet in 

 the form of wings, the next series will include all the true 

 four-footed mammalious beasts, which will be treated of under 

 the name of Quadrupeds, thus completing, with the Alipeds 

 and Manupeds, the wing-footed and the hand-footed types, 

 the first order of this first class, all of which are characterised 

 by having four well-developed limbs, either in the form of 

 hands, or wings, or feet, possessing breasts and being vivipa- 

 rous ; in these points contrasting, as will be more particularly 

 hereafter shewn, with the two other orders of this class j the 



