Scientific Intelligence — Zoology, 433 



the various modifications which occur in the bony elements of the face, 

 and which contribute to the closure of the sensorial chambers. 



In several human races, the Caucasian not included, the general 

 form of the cranium assumes two principal types. \st^ The globular 

 form, a character which is characteristic of the Chinese, Baskir, and 

 Malay cranium, and which corresponds to one of the characters of tho 

 infantile cranium in tho European races ; and, 2dly, The prolonged 

 form, which is peculiar to the cranium of the Ethiopic race. Along 

 with these modifications of the general form of the cranium, there co- 

 incide the following differences in tho lateral, anterior, and posterior 

 regions of the cranium. In the lateral region^ the surface for the 

 insertion of the temporal muscle has a tendency more and more to 

 enlarge, so that this region becomes more flat, and the zygomatic arch 

 projects more and more. The occipital region, greatly extended trans- 

 versely in tho Chinese, Baskir, and Malay, is, on the contrfry, 

 prolonged backward in the Hottentot and Negro. In the anterior 

 regioHy in consequence of the straightening of the super-orbital and 

 tho orbital processes of the frontal bone, the orbital gains in extent 

 transversely what the capacity of the cranium loses in consequence of 

 this backward slope, more and more marked by the coronal region. At 

 the same time the superciliary arches become more and more promi- 

 nent in these races than in the Caucasian, so that all the modifications 

 of the lateral and anterior regions tend, \st. To give prominence to tho 

 masticating apparatus, and so to the instincts of vegetative life ; and, 

 2o?ty, To augment the visual and olfactory chambers, on account of the 

 relation of the orbital margin of the frontal bone and superciliary 

 arches to the orbital cavity and the frontal sinus. This amplifica- 

 tion of the visual and olfactory chambers becomes much more evident 

 when we examine the manner in which each of the elements of the 

 orbit and of the olfactory cavities combines with its analogues in the 

 crania of the Mongolian, Malayan, and Ethiopic races. Moreover, m'o 

 perceive that if, in consequence of the extension of the margin and of 

 the external orbital process of the frontal bone, the superior part of 

 the orbit gains in extent transversely, its dimensions also augment, 

 in tho same direction, on the lower margin, on account of the predo- 

 minance of the superior maxillary and malar bones. Hence, too, the 

 maxillary sinus must also gain in size, in consequence of the increase 

 of the facial element which contains it ; and this remark has been 

 confirmed by our actual examination. At the same time the curve 

 described by the alveolar process of the superior maxillary becomes 

 more marked both in front and at either side ; and as a necessary ro- 

 iUlt, the olfactory chamber also is augmented ; \st. By the increased 



