TRANSACTIONS OF HORTICXTLTTTRAI. SOCIETY OF NORTHERN rLL. 295 



pruning was given about the first of September, and the excessive drouth 

 which followed prevented much more growth. It does not rust. 



Tenth Question. — What varieties of Raspberries are more hardy than 

 Philadelphia? 



Mr. Galusha. — Mr. President, there are two things to be taken into 

 the account in estimating the hardiness — constitutional vigor and firmness 

 of wood, and also the quality of the leaves. If the leaves are tough or 

 pubescent so as to resist or ward off the attacks of insects (mites) which 

 attack the leaves and suck the juices, then the canes will ripen well and 

 be prepared to resist cold ; whereas, if a variety of strong vigor, and one 

 which left to itself would prove entirely hardy, becomes denuded of its 

 leaves while the canes are yet succulent in summer, it will succumb to a 

 degree of cold in winter through which one naturally more tender may 

 pass unscathed. This is just the state of things existing among the rasp- 

 berries ; the Philadelphia is naturally hardy, but its leaves are peculiarly 

 liable to the attacks of acari, which destroy the foliage early in the season, 

 and the immature canes are consequently damaged or entirely killed by 

 the subsequent cold. 



When I mention varieties as being "hardier" than Philadelphia, I 

 wish to be understood as meaning that they are either naturally entirely 

 hardy in this latitude, or that their foliage resists attacks of insects and 

 ripens the canes so that they go through our winters safely. 



The Cuthbert, Thwack, Reliance, Turner and Brandywine have not 



been seriously damaged by degrees of cold which nearly destroyed 



Philadelphia, Highland Hardy, Early Prolific, and killed Pride of Hudson 



to the ground. Thwack was not injured even in the terminal buds last 



winter, which was a severe test; yet this and the others named as hardy 



would doubtless have been damaged had their foliage been killed before 



the canes were mature. 



Eleventh Question. — Is there any Cherry as valuable for Northern 

 Illinois and Southern Wisconsin as Early Richmond? 



Many Voices. — No, no. 



REPORT ON ORNITHOLOGY. 



BY A. L. CUMINGS, GALENA. 



The Secretary read the following report, which had been forwarded 

 by Mr. A. L. Cumings, member of the Committee on Ornithology: 



HORTICULTURAL ORNITHOLOGY. 



In the.se days of careful inquiry and patient research we are nothing 

 if not scientific. Hence we hear of scientific inquiries into the habits of 



