caverns of Spy. near Xaniur. and preserved in the paleonto- 

 logical museum of the Liege University, and a third found in 

 1908 in a cavern of La Chapelle-aux-Saints in Correze. now in 

 the museum of national history in Paris, show borders above 

 the orbits, which are strikingly prominent. They have be- 

 longed to a species of man inferior to those now living; we will 

 call them protomen. 



A very precious find, however, is that of the year 1891 

 at Trinil, on the isle of Java, where the fourth skull (Fig. 5) 

 was found, together with a left thigh bone and two molars. 

 The creature to which these bones belonged, and to which has 

 been given the name of Pithecanthropus erectus (upright- 

 walking ape-man), may as well be a hybrid of an anthropoid 

 ape and man as a form between these two. The remains are 

 preserved in Haarlem in Holland. 



A whole bed of bones, with the remains of at least ten 

 individuals of protomen has been found in a cavern near the 

 village Krapina in Croatia, and can be seen in the museum at 

 Agram. 



Also in the year 1907 in the neighbourhood of Heidelberg 

 a very heavy lower jaw with a receding chin, that must have 

 belonged to a protoman has been discovered. This lower jaw 

 is in the museum at Heidelberg. 



It is not alone that the frontal region of the skull of the 

 protoman and the Pithecanthropus erectus are less developed, 

 but the face is also dift'erent from that of man, having the ape- 

 like expression. In man the forehead is at first vertical and 

 then rounds gradually backward, wdiile in the anthropoid apes 

 and protomen the forehead slopes backward from the supra 

 orl)ital ridges. In man the lower jaw is so shaped as to make 

 the chin protrude. In protomen the lower jaw at first extends 

 vertically downward for a short distance and then rapidly re- 

 cedes, in the anthropoid ape the lower jaw recedes imme- 

 diately from the tooth line. 



At all events, it is a fact that these remains are a proof 

 that formerly there lived creatures on earth which stood be- 

 tween man and the anthropoid ape. 



Atavism is the appearance in descendants of peculiarities 

 which were possessed by their remote ancestors, but which 

 in intervening generations have been suppressed or are latent. 



For instance, such beings as the Russian hairy man An- 

 drian Zeftichew, the family Shrve Maong in which this pe- 

 culiarity of hairiness appeared through three generations, or 

 the Mexican danceuse Julia Pastrana, show that our ancestors 

 were more hairy. 



There have been born to the horse and ass descendants, 

 mules, having three toes. This phenomenon gives us the right 

 to form the hypothesis that their ancestors had three toes and 

 as the remains of horses which actually had three toes on each 



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