traveling from the zinc to the copper outside of the cell it is 

 traveling from the copper to the zinc inside of the cell, and 

 hence it is traveling in the same direction as the negative 

 charges in the cell. 



Let GTE be a Crooke's tube, energized by the secondary 

 D of an induction coil. It is found that the stream of electrons 

 originates at the negative pole of the induction coil, and Hows 

 through the tube from the cathode to the anode. This then is 

 also in accord with the idea that the current flows from the 

 zinc to the copper. The' current flowing from the zinc pole of 

 C would charge E negatively, and G attached to the copper 

 pole would charge positively. The stream of electrons in the 

 tube is thus flowing from the negative to the positive pole in 

 the Crooke's tube. The electrodes Pt and Pt' are of platinum. 



The conclusions to be drawn from these experiments in 

 the light of our present knowledge are as follows : 



1. A stream of negative charges induces a stream of neg- 

 ative charges in the opposite direction in which it is flowing. 



2. A stream of positive charges induces a stream of neg- 

 ative charges in the same direction in which it is flowing. 



3. A stream of positive charges induces a stream of posi- 

 tive charges in an opposite direction to which it is flowing. 



4. If positive charges could flow in a conductor a stream 

 of negative charges would induce a stream of positive charges 

 in the same direction in which it is flowing. 



5. Negative and positive charges, if both could flow in a 

 conductor would flow in opposite directions. 



6. If the field about a stream of negative charges is ro- 

 tating right-handedly, then the field about a stream of posi- 

 tive charges is rotating left-handedly, when looking in the di- 

 rection in which the stream is flowing. Hence their fields are 

 the reverse of each other. 



7. Negative and positive charges produce a combined 

 field rotating in the same direction when they are flowing in 

 opposite directions, but if they are forced to flow in the same 

 direction their fields rotate oppositely and oppose one another. 

 Consequently : 



8. Opposite charges flowing in the same direction repel 

 each other and like charges flowing in the same direction at- 

 tract each other. 



9. A current of electricity flows from the negative pole 

 of a battery or dynamo to the positive pole in the outside cir- 

 cuit, and in the opposite direction on the inside of the battery 

 or dynamo. 



Theory. 



The following theory is advanced to account for the above 

 phenomena : 



Lines of force are real lines of motion in the ether, either 

 stream lines or wave motion, and when energy is stored in the 

 ether it does not exist there as potential energy, but as the 



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