74 TIMBER. 



tin- principal wood in common carpentry, as well as in all heavy construction, 

 bridges, trestles, etc. It is also used in almost every other wood industry, for 

 spars, masts, planks, and timbers in shipbuilding, in car and wagon construction, 

 in cooperage, for crates and boxes, in furniture work, for toys and patterns, rail- 

 way ties, water pipes, excelsior, etc. Pines are usually large trees with few 

 branches, the straight, cylindrical, useful stem forming by far the greatest part 

 of the tree; they occur gregariously, forming vast forests, a fact which greatly 

 facilitates their exploitation. Of the many special terms applied to pine as 

 lumber, denoting sometimes differences in quality, the following deserve attention: 

 " White pine," "pumpkin pine," "soft pine," in the Eastern markets refer to 

 the wood of the white pine (Pinus strobus), and on the Pacific Coast to that 

 of the sugar pine (Pinus lanibertiana) . 

 " Yellow pine" is applied in the trade to all the Southern lumber pines; in the 

 Northeast it is also applied to the pitch pine (P. rigida); in the West it refers 

 mostly to bull pine (P. ponderosa). 

 "Yellow longleaf pine," "Georgia pine," chiefly used in advertisement, refers 



to longleaf pine (P. palustris). 

 " Hard pine" is a common term in carpentry, and applies to everything except 



white pine. 

 " Pitch pine" includes all Southern pines and also the true pitch pine (P. rigida), 

 but is mostly applied, especially in foreign markets, to the wood of the long- 

 leaf pine ( /'. palustris). 

 For the great variety of confusing local names applied to the .Southern pines in 

 their homes, part of which have been adopted in the markets of the Atlantic sea- 

 board, see report of Chief of Division of Forestry for 1891, page 212, etc., and also 

 the list below : 



a. Soft pines. 



18. White pine (Pinus strobus) : Large to very large sized tree; for the last fifty 

 years the most important timber tree of the Union, furnishing the best quality 

 of soft pine. Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, New England, along the Alle- 

 ghauies to Georgia. 



19. Sugar pink (Pinus lanibertiana): A very large tree, together with Abies con- 

 color, forming extensive forests; important lumber tree. Oregon and California. 



20. White pixe (Pinus monticola): A large tree, at home in Montana, Idaho, and 

 the Pacific States; most common and locally used in northern Idaho. 



21. White pixe (Pinus flexilis): A small tree, forming mountain forests of consid- 

 erable extent and locally used; Eastern Rocky Mountain slopes; Montana to 

 New Mexico. 



b. Hard pines. 



22. Longleaf pixe (Pinus palustris) (Georgia pine, yellow pine, long straw pine, 

 etc.) : Large tree; forms extensive forests and furnishes the hardest and strong- 

 est pine lumber in the market. Coast region from North Carolina to Texas. 



2:;. Bull pixe (Pinus ponderosa) (yellow pine) : Medium to very large sized tree, 

 forming extensive forests in Pacific and Rocky Mountain regions; furnishes 

 most of the hard pine of the West; sap wood wide; wood very variable. 



24. Loblolly pixe (Pinus Iceda) (slash pine, old field pine, rosemary pine, sap 

 pine, short straw pine, etc.): Large-sized tree, forms extensive forests; wider- 

 ringed, coarser, lighter, softer, with more sapwood than the longleaf pine, but 

 the two often confounded. This is the common lumber pine from Virginia to 

 South Carolina, and is found extensively in Arkansas and Texas. Southern 

 States; Virginia to Texas and Arkansas. 



25. Norway pine (Pinus resinosa) : Large-sized tree, never forming forests, usually 

 scattered or in small groves, together with white pine ; largely sapwood and hence 

 not durable. Minnesota to Michigan ; also in New England to Pennsylvania. 



