76 TIMBER. 



TAMARACK. (Scf Larch.) 



YEW. — Wood heavy, hard, extremely stiff and strong, of fine texture with a pale 

 yellow sapwood, and an orange red heart ; seasons well and is quite durable. Yew 

 is extensively used for archery, bows, turner's ware, etc. The yews form no 

 forests, but occur scattered with other conifers. 



38. Yew (Taxus brevifolia) : A small to medium sized tree of the Pacific regiou. 



B I5ISO AD-IKAV ia> WOODS (HARDWOODS). 



Woods of'complex and very variable structure and therefore differing widely in 

 quality, behavior, and consequently in applicability to the arts. 



ASH. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, stiff, quite tough, not durable in contact with 

 soil, straight grained, rough on the split surface and coarse in texture. The wood 

 shrinks moderately, seasons with little injury, stands well and takes a good polish. 

 In carpentry ash is used for finishing lumber, stairways, panels, etc. ; it is used in 

 shipbuilding, in the construction of cars, wagons, carriages, etc., in the manufac- 

 ture of farm implements, machinery, and especially of furniture of all kinds, and 

 also for harness work: lor barrels, baskets, oars, tool handles, hoops, clothespins, 

 and toys. The trees of the several species of ash arc rapid growers, of small to 

 medium height with stout trunks; they form no forests, but occur scattered in 

 almost all our broad-leaved forests. 



39. White ash (Fraxinus americana): Medium, sometimes large sized tree. Basin 

 of the Ohio, but found from Maine to Minnesota and Texas. 



40. Red ash (Fraxinus pubescens): .Small-sized tree. North Atlantic States, but 

 extends to the Mississippi. 



41. Black ami (Fraxinus sambucifolia) (hoop ash, ground ash) : Medium-sized tree, 

 very common. Maine to Minnesota, and southward to Virginia and Arkansas. 



42. Blue ash f Fraxinus quadrangulata) : Small to medium sized. Indiana and Illi- 

 nois; occurs from Michigan to Minnesota and southward to Alabama. 



43. Greex ash (Fraxinus viridis): Small-sized tree. New York to the Rocky 

 Mountains, and southward to Florida and Arizona. 



44. Oregon ash (Fraxinus oregana): Medium-sized tree. Western Washington 

 to California. 



ASPEN. (.See Poplar.) 

 BASSWOOD. 



45. Basswooo (Tilia americana) (lime tree, American linden, lin. bee tree): 

 Wood light, soft, stiff but not strong, of fine texture, and white to light brown 

 color. The wood shrinks considerably in drying, works and stands well; it is 

 used in carpentry, in the manufacture of furniture and woodenware, both 

 turned and carved, in cooperage, for toys, also for paneling of car and carriage 

 bodies. Medium to large sized tree, common in all Northern broad-leaved for- 

 ests; found throughout the Eastern United States. 



46. White basswoop (Tilia heterophylla) : A small-sized tree most abundant in 

 the Alleghany region. 



BEECH. 



47. Beech (Fagus ferruginea): Wood heavy, hard, stiff, strong, of rather coarse 

 texture, white to light brown, not durable in the ground, and subject to the 

 inroads of boring insects; it shrinks and checks considerably in drying, works 

 and stands well and takes a good polish. Used for furniture, in turnery, for 

 handles, lasts, etc. Abroad it is very extensively employed by the carpenter, 

 millwright, and wagon maker, in turuery as well as wood carving. The beech 

 is a medium-sized tree, common, sometimes forming forest; most abundant in 

 the Ohio and Mississippi basin, but found from Maine to Wisconsin and south- 

 ward to Florida. 



BIRCH. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, of fine texture; sapwood whitish, heartwood 

 in shades of brown with red and yellow; very handsome, with satiny luster, 

 equaling cherry. The wood shrinks considerably in drying, works and stands 



