78 TIMBER. 



as the hawthorns {Crataegus) and wild apple (Pyrus) are not commonly offered 

 in the market. Their wood is of the same character as cherry, often even 

 finer, but in small dimensions. 

 CHESTNUT. 



58. Chestnut {Castanea vulgaris var. americana): Wood light, moderately soft, 

 stiff, not strong, of coarse texture; the sapwood light, the heartwood darker 

 brown. It shrinks and checks considerably in drying, works easily, stands 

 well, and is very durable. Used in cabinetwork, cooperage, for railway ties, 

 telegraph poles, and locally in heavy construction. Medium-sized tree, very 

 common in the Alleghauies, occurs from Maine to Michigan and southward to 

 Alabama. 



59. Chinquapin (Castanea pumila): A small-sized tree, with wood slightly heavier 

 but otherwise similar to the preceding; most common in Arkansas, but with 

 nearly the same range as the chestnut. 



60. Chinquapin (Castanopsis chrysophylla) : A medium-sized tree of the western 

 ranges of California and Oregon. 



COFFEE TREE. 



61. Coffee tree ( Gymnocladua canadensis) (coffee nut) : Wood heavy, hard, strong, 

 very stiff, of coarse texture, durable; the sapwood yellow, the heartwood red- 

 dish brown; shrinks and checks considerably in drying; works and stands 

 well and takes a good polish. It is used to a limited extent in cabinetwork. 

 A medium to large sized tree; not common. Pennsylvania to Minnesota and 

 Arkansas. 



COTTONWOOD. (See Poplar.) 



CUCUMBER TREE. {See Tulip.) 



ELM. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, very tough: moderately durable in contact with 

 the soil; commonly cross^rained. difficult to split and shape, warps, and checks 

 considerably in drying, but stands well if properly handled. The broad sapwood 

 whitish, heart brown, both with shades of gray and red; on split surface rough; 

 texture coarse to fine; capable of high polish. Elm is used in the construction of 

 cars, wagons, etc., in boat and ship building, for agricultural implements and 

 machinery; in rough cooperage, saddlery and harness work, but particularly in 

 the manufacture of all kinds of furniture, where the beautiful figures, especially 

 those of the tangential or bastard section, are just beginning to be duly appre- 

 ciated. The elms are medium to large sized trees, of fairly rapid growth, with 

 stout trunk, form no forests of pure growth, but are found scattered in all the 

 broad-leaved woods of our country, sometimes forming a considerable portion of 

 the arboresceut growth. 



62. White Elm {Ulmus americana) (American elm, water elm): Medium to 

 large sized tree, common. Maine to Minnesota, southward to Florida and Texas. 



63. Rock elm {Ulmus racemosa) (cork elm, hickory elm, white; elm, cliff elm): 

 Medium to large sized tree. Michigan, Ohio, from Vermont to Iowa, south- 

 ward to Kentucky. 



64. Red elm {Ulmus fulva) (slippery elm, moose elm): Small-sized tree, found 

 chiefly along water courses. New York to Minnesota, and southward to Florida 

 and Texas. 



65. Cedar elm (Ulmus crassifolia) : Small-sized tree, quite common. Arkansas 

 and Texas. 



66. Winged elm {Ulmus alata) (Wahoo): Small-sized tree, locally quite common. 

 Arkansas, Missouri, and eastern Virginia. 



GUM.— This general term refers to two kinds of wood usually distinguished as sweet 

 or red gum, and sour, black, or tupelo gum, the former being a relative of the 

 witch-hazel, the latter belonging to the dogwood family. 



67. Ti'PELO (Xyssa sylratica) (sour gum, black gum) : Maine toMichigan, and south 

 ward to Florida and Texas. Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, of tine texture, 



