LIST OF BROAD-LEAVED WOODS. 79 



frequently crossgrained, of yellowish or grayish white color, hard to split and 

 work, troublesome in seasoning, warps and checks considerably, and is not 

 durable if exposed; used for wagon hubs, wooden ware, handles, wooden shoes, 

 etc. Medium to large sized trees, with straight, clear trunks; locally quite 

 abundant, but never forming forests of pure growth. 



68. Tupelo gum (Nyssa uniflora) (cotton gum): Lower Mississippi basin, north- 

 ward to Illinois and eastward to Virginia, otherwise like preceding species. 



69. Sweet gum (Liquidambar styradflua) (red gum. liquidambar, bilsted): Wood 

 rather heavy, rather soft, quite stiff and strong, tough, commonly crossgrained, 

 of fine texture; the broad sapwood whitish, the heartwood reddish brown; the 

 wood shrinks and warps considerably, but does not check badly, stands well 

 when fully seasoned, and takes good polish. Sweet gum is used in carpentry, 

 in the manufacture of furniture, for cut veneer, for wooden plates, plaques, 

 baskets, etc., also for wagon hubs, hat blocks, etc. A large-sized tree, very abun- 

 dant, often the principal tree in the swampy parts of the bottoms <>f the Lower 

 Mississippi Valley; occurs from New York to Texas and from Indiana to Florida. 



HACKBERRY. 



70. Hackbekky (Celtis occidentalis) (sugar berry): The handsome wood heavy, 

 hard, strong, quite tough, of moderately fine texture, and greenish or yellowish 

 white color; shrinks moderately, works well, and takes a good polish. So far 

 but little used in the manufacture of furniture. Medium to large sized tree, 

 locally quite common, largest in the Lower Mississippi Valley ; occurs in nearly 

 all parts of the Eastern United States. 



HICKORY. — Wood very heavy, hard, and strong, proverbially tough, of rather 

 coarse texture, smooth and of straight grain. The broad sapwood white, the heart 

 reddish nut brown. It dries slowly, shrinks and checks considerably ; is not dura- 

 ble iu the ground, or if exposed, and, especially the sapwood, is always subject 

 to the inroads of boring insects. Hickory excels as carriage and wagon stock, but 

 is also extensively used in the manufacture of implements and machinery, for tool 

 handles, timber pins, for harness work, and cooperage. The hickories are tall 

 trees with slender stems, never form forests, occasionally small groves, but' usually 

 occur scattered among other broad-leaved trees iu suitable localities. The follow- 

 ing species all contribute more or less to the hickory of the markets: 



71. Shagbakk hickory (Hicoria ovata) (shellbark hickory): A medium to large 

 sized tree, quite common; the favorite among hickories; best developed in the 

 Ohio and Mississippi basins; from Lake Ontario to Texas. Minnesota to Florida. 



72. Mockerxut hickory {Hicoria alba) (black hickory, bull and black nut, big 

 bud, and white-heart hickory): A medium to large sized tree, with the same 

 range as the foregoing; common, especially in the South. 



73. Pignut hickory (Hicoria glabra) (brown hickory, black hickory, switch-bud 

 hickory): Medium to large sized tree, abundant; all Eastern United States. 



74. Bitter nut hickory (Hicoria minima) (swamp hickory): A medium-sized tree, 

 favoring wet localities, with the same range as the preceding. 



75. Pecan (Hicoria pecan) (Illinois nut) : A large tree, very common in the fertile 

 bottoms of the Western streams. Indiana to Nebraska and southward to Lousi- 

 ana and Texas. 



HOLLY. 



76. Holly (Ilex opaca): Wood of medium weight, hard, strong, tough, of fine 

 texture and white color; works and stands well, used for cabinetwork and 

 turnery. A small tree, most abundant in the Lower Mississippi Valley and 

 Gulf States, but occurring eastward to Massachusetts and north to Indiana. 



HORSE-CHESTNUT. (Sec Buckeye.) 

 IRONWOOD. (See Blue beech.) 



