82 TIMBER, 



100. Water oak (Quercus aquatica) (duck oak, possum oak, punk oak): Medium 

 to large sized tree, of extremely rapid growth. Eastern Gulf States, eastward 

 to Delaware, and northward to Missouri and Kentucky. 



101. Live oak ( Quercus rirens): Small-sized tree, scattered along the coast from 

 Virginia to Texas. 



102. Live oak (Quercus chrysolepis) . (maul oak, Valparaiso oak): Medium-sized 

 tree; California. 



OSAGE ORANGE. 



103. Osage orange (Madura aurantiaca) (Bois cl'Arc) : Wood very heavy, ex- 

 ceedingly hard, strong, not tough, of moderately coarse texture, and very dura- 

 ble; sapwood yellow, heart brown ou the end, yellow on longitudinal faces, 

 soon turning grayish brown if exposed; it shrinks considerably in drying, but 

 once dry it stands unusually well. Formerly much used for wheel stock in the 

 dry regions of Texas; otherwise employed for posts, railway ties, etc. Seems 

 too little appreciated; it is well suited for turned ware and especially for wood 

 carving. A small-sized tree, of fairly rapid growth, scattered through the rich 

 bottoms of Arkansas and Texas. 



PERSIMMON. 



101. Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) : Wood very heavy and hard, strong and 



tough; resembles hickory, but is of finer texture; the broad sapwood cream 



color, the heart black ; used in turnery for shuttles, plane stocks, shoe lasts, etc. 



Small to medium sized tree, common and best developed in the Lower Ohio 



Valley, but occurs from New York to Texas and Missouri. 

 POPLAR AND COTTONWOOD (.See also Tulip wood). — Wood light, very soft, 

 not strong, of fine texture and whitish, grayish to yellowish color, usually with 

 a satiny luster. The wood shrinks- moderately (some crossgrained forms warp 

 excessively), but checks little; is easily worked, but is not durable. Used as 

 building and furniture lumber, in cooperage for sugar and flour barrels, for 

 crates and boxes (especially cracker boxes), for wooden ware and paper pulp. 



105. Cottonwood ( Populus monilifera) : Large sized tree ; forms considerable forests 

 along many of the Western streams, and furnishes most of the Cottonwood of 

 the market. Mississippi Valley and west; New England to the Rocky Moun- 

 tains. 



106. Balsam (Populus balsamifera) (balm of Gilead) : Medium to large sized tree; 

 common all along the northern boundary of the United States. 



107. Black COTTONWOOD (Populus trichocarpa): The largest deciduous tree of 

 Washington; very common. Northern Rocky Mountains and Pacific reeion. 



108. Cottonwood ( Populus fremontii var. tvislizeni) : Medium to large sized tree, 

 common, Texas to California. 



109. Poplar (Populus grandidentala) '. Medium-sized tree, chiefly used for pulp. 

 Maine to Minnesota and southward along the Alleghanies. 



110. Aspen (Populus tremuloides) : Small to medium sized tree, often forming 

 extensive forests and covering burned areas. Maine to Washington and north- 

 ward, south in the Western mountains to California and New Mexico. 



SOUR GUM. (5ec Gum.) 

 RED GUM. (See Gum.) 

 SASSAFRAS. 



111. Sassafras (Sassafras sassafras): Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, of 

 coarse texture, durable; sapwood yellow, heart orange brown. Used in coop- 

 erage, for skiffs, fencing, etc. Medium-sized tree, largest in the Lower Mis- 

 sissippi Valley, from New England to Texas and from Michigan to Florida. 



SWEET GUM. (See Gum.) 

 SYCAMORE. 



112. Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) (button wood, button-ball tree, water 

 beech): Wood moderately heavy, quite hard, stiff, strong, tough, usually 

 crossgrained, of coarse texture, and white to light brown color; the wood is 



