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Plate 85.— Classification: system Palustrine, CLASS Forested Wetland, SUBCLASS Needle-leaved Evergreen, dominance type Picea 

 mariana, water regime Saturated, water chemistry Fresh, soil Mineral. Subordinate plants in this black spruce forest in- 

 clude Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum), mountain cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), crowberry (Empetrum nigrum), and 

 peat moss (Sphagnum sp.). Permafrost is present within 45 cm (18 in) of the surface. (Vicinity of Glennallen, Alaska; July 1985; 

 Photo by F. C. Goletl 



