54 Bangs — A New Bed Fox from Nova Scotia. 



ti/plca. General color of upper j)arts bright ferruginous instead of tawny 

 ochraceous, as in V. pennsylvanica typica. 



Color (the type in normal red [)hase). — Whole upper parts deep, bright 

 ferruginous, somewhat mixed with yellow-tipped haii's on face and rump, 

 this color extending around sides and almost meeting on belly ; abdomen, 

 inner sides of flanks, and upper lip white ; throat, chin, and central line 

 along belly grayish white; tail ferruginous with a conspicuous white 

 l>encil, many of the hairs black tipped ; upper surface of ears black, edged 

 ail round with yellowish ferruginous and dirty white inside; hand and 

 forearm black, gradually shading into ferruginous at elbow; foot black, 

 slightly mixed with ferruginous, the black extending up flank in a narrow 

 line. 



Cranial cliuracterH. — Skull larger than that uf 1'. jniiusylraaica typica from 

 the Central and New England States ; rostrum broader ; distance across 

 roots of canines much greater; dentition much heavier. 



Size of an old adult 9 skull (the type) : basilar length (basion to front 

 of premaxillary), 133; occipitonasal length, 133.2; zygomatic breadth, 

 75.8; mastoid breadth, 46; greatest breadth of rostrum, 24; greatest 

 length of single half of mandible, 106.8. Size of an old adult (j^ skull 

 (No. 2001, Bangs collection, topotype): basilar length, 134.2; occipitonasal 

 length, 135.2: zygomatic breadth, 79.4; mastoid ]>readtb, 47; greatest 

 breadth of rostrum, 25.8; greatest length of single half of mandible, 

 110.4. Two skulls of T". peniwjlvanica typica of e.vactly corresponding 

 ages measure as follows : 9 '^Id adult, from Hampton, Connecticut, No. 

 4286, Bangs collection : basilar length, 120; occipitonasal length, 122.6; 

 zygomatic breadth, 71.6; mastoid breadth, 44 ; greatest breadth of rostrinn, 

 21 ; greatest length of single half of mandible, 96.8. cJ* old adult, from 

 Waltham, Massachusetts, No. 115, Bangs collection : basilar length, 123.4; 

 occipitonasal length, 123.6; zygomatic breadtli, 71.8; mastoid breadth, 

 44; greatest breadth of rostrum, 21.8; greatest length of single half of 

 mandible (estimated, ti}) imperfect), 100. 



Size. — Female, old adult (the type) : total length, 1077 ; tail vertebne, 

 401 ; hind f(Jot, 166. Mail, young adult, from Annapolis, Nova Scotia 

 (No. 1991, Bangs collection): total length, 1087; tail vertebne, 403; hind 

 foot, 173. Two sjiecimens of V. pciinsyliKdiica typica of corresY>ouding iv^es 

 (9 old adult from Hampton, Connecticut, No. 4286, Bangs collection, 

 and (^ young adult from Pittsfleld, New Hampshire, No. 650, Bangs col- 

 lection) measure respectively : total length, 945 ; tail vertebr;ie, 340 ; hind 

 foot, 143; and total length, 1028; tail vertebr;e, 375; hind foot, 157. 



Ectnarks. — As some European writers still persist in considering the 

 American red fox a mere variety of the old world Vul}fes vulpes, it may 

 be well to point out a few of the characters by which these wholly dis- 

 tinct animals can always be distinguished. 



The European red fox (T'. ntlpe.^) has more white on the upper lip and 

 less black on the legs and arms tlian the American ( T'. pennsylvanica). 

 The skulls of the two can always be told apart. T'. ndpes has a heavy^ 

 massive skull, with deep interorbital constriction, narrow frontals, and a 

 very wide palate. T'. pennsylvanica has a much lighter skull, which is 



