ANOUEELLA. 



[ 55 1 



ANTENNAEIA. 



InRcct. ; Leach, Zool. Misc. iii. ; Gurlt, 

 Thicrhcilh. viii.; Denny, Mon. Anopl. Brit.; 

 id. {Cliinese), Qu. Mic. Jn. 18G4, p. 18; 

 Walckenaer, Hist. d. Insect, xiii. ; Landois, 

 Sieh. Sf- KoU. Zeits. 18C.5 {Qu. M. Jn. 1800, 

 p. M) ; Mtnray, Ec. Entomol. 1879, p. 375; 

 Mt^jmin, Parasites, 1880. 



AIsOURELLA, Bory and Duj. = Anu- 

 EJEA, Ehr, 



ANTEN'NyE, of Insects.— The two 

 moveable jointed organs, situated on the 

 head, near the eyes (PI. 33. figs. Iff, 3a, 

 24 a, and figs. 7 to 21 inclusiye). 



The form, number of joints, &c. of the 

 antennas are used as characters for distin- 

 guishing the genera and species of Insects. 



Three parts are generally recognizable in 

 the antennas : 1, the scapus or basal joint 

 (figs. 10, 18, and 19 «) is often very long, 

 and is connected with the torulus, or part 

 upon which it moves, by a ball and socket 

 articulation ; 2, the ^lediceUa or second joint 

 (the same figs., h), which is mostly minute 

 and nearly spherical, allowing of the freest 

 motion, and supporting the remaining por- 

 tion of the antennje, which forms, 3, the 

 clavola (figs. 10 and 18 c). The principal 

 terms applied to the antennfe according 

 to the form and arrangement of the joints 

 of the clavola are these : — 



They are called setaceous when the succes- 

 sive joints gradually diminish in size from 

 the base to the apex, as in the families 

 Achetidoe, Blattidfe, and Gryllidae (fig. 7) ; 

 ensiform when the successively diminishing 

 joints are angular at the sides, forming a 

 sword-like organ, as in some of the Locust- 

 idse (fig. 8) ; filiform when all the joints of 

 the clavola are of uniform thickness, as in 

 the Carabidfe (fig. 9) ; moniliform when the 

 joints are spherical or rounded, as in the 

 Tenebrionidffi and Blapsidfe (fig. 10) ; ser- 

 r«?'«/ when the joints appear like inverted 

 triangles, with the inner margin more pro- 

 duced than the outer, as in sf)me of the 

 Elateridae (fig. II) ; imbricated when the 

 acute base of each joint is inserted into the 

 middle of the broad ajiex of the joint behind 

 it, as in the Prionidfe (fig. 12); pectinated 

 when each joint is developed on one side 

 into a process or spine, as in the Lampyridas 

 (fig. 13); bipectinated when a process or 

 spine exists on each side of the joints, as in 

 the Bombycidas (fig. 14) ; fiabellate when 

 each of the processes is flattened, and nearly 

 as long as the whole of the succeeding joints 

 taken together, as in some of the Elateridas 

 (fig. 15) ; clavate when the clavola ends in a 



gradually formed Itnob (fig. 10), or capitate 

 when the knob is suddenly formed (fig. 17), 

 as in the Pentanierous Coleoptera; plumose 

 when one or more minutely pectinated 

 branches arises from the joints, as in some 

 of the Muscidae (fig. 20), or when tufts of 

 capillary filaments arise from the joints, as 

 in the Culicidas (fig. 21) ; knnellate, as in the 

 lamellicorn Coleoptera, when the knob is 

 composed of a number of lamellas or plates 

 (fig. 18 f/), andperfoliate when the joints of 

 the knob are separated slightly from each 

 other by a minute foot-stalk. There are 

 many curious variations in the structure of 

 the antennte ; thus, in some of the Muscidse, 

 the filamentous portion represents the true 

 clavola, while the larger lobe is simply an 

 appendage (fi^. 20) ; in Glvbaria Leachii 

 the pedicella is not a small rounded joint, 

 but is elongated like the scapus (fig. 19 5), 

 whilst the clavola (c) ends in a large capi- 

 tulum attached laterally to the base of the 

 fifth joint, and directed backwards. 



The use of the antennae is that of hearing 

 or feeling the vibrations of the atmosphere, 

 and of smell. B. Hicks has pointed out the 

 existence in numerous insects of minute cavi- 

 ties or pits in the surface of the antennae, 

 furnished with a nerve-branch at the base, 

 to which these functions are attributable. 

 Hicks recommends the use of an aqueous 

 solution of chlorate of potash, acidified with 

 muriatic acid, for bleaching the chitine, and 

 rendering these organs distinguishable. 



An additional function in many insects 

 is that of common feeling or touch. 



G. Hauser describes also a terminal sen- 

 sory organ in the antennae, composed of 

 bacillar cells, connected with a largish 

 nerve. 



BiBL. Kirby and Spence, Entomol. ; Bur- 

 meister's Man. SfC, transl. by Shuckard ; 

 Newport, Art. Insects, Todd's Ci/cl. An. Sj'c. 

 ii. ; Westwood's Introd. S^c. ; Hicks, Linn. 

 Tr. 1859, xxii. pp. 147 & 323; Claparede, 

 Ann.d. Sc. Nat. Zool. 1858, x. p. 230; Hauser, 

 Zeit. tciss. Zool. 1880, xxxiv. p. 307 (Jn. Mic. 

 Soc. 1881, i. p. 33). 



ANTENNA'RIA, Link.— A supposed 

 genus of Antennariei ( Phycomycetous 

 Fungi), referred by Fries to Perisporiaceae, 

 and probably often consisting of forms of a 

 Mucediuous state of Capnodium. They 

 are byssoid products growing upon dead or 

 living structures, or sometimes in cellars. 

 A. (Eacodium) mlhiris is the fungus of wine- 

 cellars, and is placed by Fries in the genus 

 Zasmidium, 



