AJsTTIERIDIA. 



[ r>7 ] 



ANTIIINA. 



/*. The walls simply thickened like wood- 

 cells. Zamia. 



Other iutermediate modifications exist; 

 and it is necessary to observe that the cha- 

 racter of th(Munrkino-s often diifers in dif- 

 ferent parts of tho wall of the anther. The 

 side of the cell-wall next the cavity is that 

 generally most marked ; the onter wall lying 

 next under the epidermis is often smooth 

 and unmarked. 



A similar structure is found on the walls 

 of the sporanges of many of the Hepaticae, 

 such as Marchantia (PI. 40. fig. 35), Junger- 

 mannia, &c. (see 1Iep.a.tic^i;). Also on the 

 walls of the sporanges of Equisctnin (see 

 Equisetace^). For further particulars 

 respecting the relations of these cells to 

 other spiral-fibrous tissues, see Spiral 



STRrCTUEES. 



BiBL. Purkinje, De cell, anther. Jibrosis, 

 Wratislavij-e, 18.30; Sachs, JBot. 1874, 

 525. 



AXTHEPJUIA.— The general name ap- 

 plied to all the various structures in which, 

 certainly or probably, the f ertiliziug function 

 of reproduction resides in Flowerless Plants, 

 and which consequently correspond physio- 

 logically to the anthers of the Flowering 

 Plants. They differ to some extent in the 

 character of the final products, which are 

 extremely minute bodies, some exhibiting 

 spontaneous motion when placed in water. 



The antheridia of the higher Flowerless 

 Plants, those with leaf and stem, produce 

 active filaments, coiled more or less in a 

 spiral form, and the motion is here connected 

 with the presence of cilia upon the spiral fila- 

 ments. With regard to those of the Thallo- 

 phytes, the antheridia are not everywhere 

 so well imderstood. Their existence is 

 clearly ascertained in the Fucacese, and the 

 active bodies are ciliated. The function of 

 the so-called antheridia of the Floridetie is 

 not yet proved, and it is denied by Thuret 

 that the autherozoids (or spermatozoids) 

 have a power of motion ; recent researches 

 among the Confervacese have shown the 

 existence of antheridial cells, producing 

 active spermatozoids, to be very general in 

 that order. In the Fungi and Lichens the 

 antheridia seem to be represented by a dif- 

 ferent kind of structure, Avhich produces 

 minute stick-shaped bodies, apparently not 

 endowed with spontaneous motion. 



The moving bodies from the antheridia 

 are called spermatozokh, anthei-ozoich, or 

 spermatic flauienU in the higher Crypto- 

 gamia. The active bodias of the Fungi 



Fig. 23. 



and Lichens have been provisionally named 

 spcrmaiia. 



The antheridia of the Marsileacese are re- 

 presented by the smaller form of spore pro- 

 duced in the sporanges (see Marsileacese). 

 This is also the case in regard to the Ijvco- 

 podiaccte so far as Schtijinella and Isoetes 

 are concerned (see Lycopoi)IACe.t3). In the 

 Ferns and Equisetacere the antheridia are 

 produced along with the 

 archegonia on the prothal- 

 lium or cellular frond re- 

 sultino- from the gei-mina- 

 tion of the spure (see 

 Ferns and Ecjuiseta- 

 CE^) . In the Mosses and 

 leafy Liverworts, the an- 

 theridia are produced in 

 terminal or axillary buds, 

 associated with or sepa- 

 rate from the archegonia 

 (fig. 23). In the fron- 

 dose Liverworts, they are 

 imbedded in the frond, Bartramia fontana. 

 or more or less raised Male inflorescence 

 from it on special recen- "^'^^ antheridia and 

 tacles (see Mosses and nified 40 diameters. 

 Hepatic^). 



The antheridia are represented in the 

 Characeaj by the so-called globule, in which 

 are produced filamentous spermatozoids re- 

 sembling those of Mosses (see Chara). 



Antheridia occiu'in Saprolegnise (Prinirsh. 

 Jahrb. Bd. vi. p. 249 &c. ; Tab. Fungi, fi^. 

 20), and have been observed in Tuber and 

 Peziza. (See Pringsh. Jahrb. Bd. ii. p. 378 

 &c. ; De Bary, Ajin. d. Sc. Nut. Juin 1806, 

 p. 343 ; Tidasne, ibid. Dec. 1860, p. 211.) 



The supposed antheridial organs of the 

 Lichens are called spermof/otiia, and will be 

 found described under Lichens; and the 

 analogous structures found in certain Fungi 

 called by the same name, are described 

 under Coniomycetous Fungi, also imder 

 the heads of certain genera of that family. 

 The antheridia of the Algfe are described 

 under Frcus, Floeide^, CEdogonxltm, 

 Vauciieria, Sph^roplea, Volvox. 



ANTIIEROZOIDS.— The term applied 

 by the French authors to Spermatozoids. 



ANTHTNA, Fries. — A genus of Isariaeei 

 (II_^^ihomycetous Pimgi); composed of mi- 

 nute fibrous plants, often of bright colours, 

 growing upon dead leaves &c. in autumn. 

 One British species is recorded : — 



A.Jla)nmea,Yv. Attenuated downwards, 

 smooth, crimson-safiron, dilated upwards, 

 feathery, yellow. Clavaria miniata, Purton. 



