COCOA-NUT. 



[ 189 ] 



CODOSIGA. 



earths to disguise 



faltiified. A difference of quality is in the 

 first place produced by the admixture or 

 exclu!<iou of the husk of the seeds ; still 

 more important degradation arises from 

 the use of flours of various kinds, ground 

 roots such as chicory added to give weight, 

 together with coloured 

 these. 



The tissues forming the husk of the Cocoa- 

 seed include outer loose filamentous cells, 

 belonging rather to the seed-vessel ; a mem- 

 brane composed of a single layer of flat 

 parenchymatous cells with thin walls (PI. 2. 

 tig. 4 a) ; and another, thicker, consisting of 

 a number of layers of large parenchymatous 

 cells containing mucilage and crystals (fig. 

 4 b), with spiral vessels and woody fibre ; 

 the outer part of the dark-coloured albu- 

 men of the seed is composed of angidar, the 

 internal mass of rounded cells of delicate 

 structure filled with oil-globules and starch- 

 granides (PI. 2. fig. 4 e). In the interspace 

 between the lobes occurs a finely fibrous 

 tissue, in which are found crystals. The 

 presence of the filamentous, the large paren- 

 chymatous cells, and the spiral vessels indi- 

 cates when the bark has been gi'oimd up 

 with the finer part of the seed. 



The various fioiu's and starches are to be 

 detected by the characters of their granules 

 (Stabch) : the pitted ducts betray the pre- 

 sence of chicory or other roots (see Chi- 

 cory). 



Chocolate is a compound made up Avith 

 starches and sugar, and flavoured with 

 cinnamon, vanilla, and other ingredients. 

 The examination of its preparations must 

 perhaps be hmited to comparative richness 

 in cocoa, and to the detection of coarse sub- 

 stitutes for arrowroot and similar starches. 

 BiBL. Ilassall, Food and its Adult. 207. 

 COCOA-NUT.— The seed of the Cocoa- 

 nut Pahn, Cocas mieifera (Monocotyledon). 

 Sections of the remarkably hard shell of 

 this nut afford good specimens of veiy 

 greatly consolidated woody tissue ; while 

 the fleshy contents form an example of 

 oily albumen, the soft thick-walled cells 

 containing abundance of drops of oil in their 

 cavities. The husk of the nut is composed 

 of fibres analogous in their structure to 

 liber, and used for similar purposes. See 



FiBBOrS STRUCTrRF..S. 



CODI'OLUM, Braun.— A genus of Uni- 

 cellular Alga;, of which the only known 

 species, C. gregarium (PI. 5. fig. 6), is 

 marine. It consists of a clavate tubular 

 cell, attenuated from about midway into 



a slender base, by which it is attached to 

 piles, &c. Length, when full-grown, about 

 1-2")", diameter of the clavate part about 

 1-300" ; green above, clear below. The 

 green contents are finally converted into 

 many 2-ciliated zoospores, which escape by 

 rupture of the cell, as in the sporanges of 

 Codium. 



C. gregariwn was found at Heligoland, on 

 submersed timber, and may be looked for 

 on the British coast. 



BiBL. Braun, AJq. Unicell. 1855, 19, pi. i. 



CO'DIUM, Staciih.— A genus of Sipho- 

 nacese (Confervoid Algae) ; marine. The 

 species have dark green spongy fronds of 

 cylindrical, flat, globular or crust-like form, 

 some inches in size, composed of interlacing 

 continuous filaments devoid of septa, ter- 

 minating in radiating club-shaped filaments 

 at the surface (fig. 133). The sporanges 



Fig. 133. 



Codium tomentosujn. 



Saccate cells arising from the filaments at the sorface. 

 Magnified 10 diameters. 



(spores) are produced in lateral branches 

 from the clavate cells, forming long elliptical 

 sacs, the contents of which are converted 

 into a vast number of biciliated zoospores, 

 discharged when mature (PI. 6. fig. 15). 



BiBL.' Harvev, Br. Mar. Alq. pi. 24 A ; 

 Phyc. Brit. pi. 93. 35 B ; and thuret, Ann. 

 &c. Nat. 3 ser. xiv. 2.32, pi. 23. figs. 1-5. 



CODONEL'LA, Haeckel.— A genus of 

 Heterotrichous Infusoria (?) ; closely re- 

 sembling minute Medusee {Jen. Zeitschr. 

 1873 ; Kent, Inf. 615, figs.). 



CODONCE'CA, Clark.— A genus of Fla- 

 gellate Infusoria. 



Char. SoHtary, 1-flagellate, sessile, in an 

 erect stalked lorica. 



2 species : marine and fresh water. (Kent, 

 Inf. 261.) 



"CODOSI'GA, Clark.— A genus of Fla- 

 gellate Infusoria. 



Cliar. Ovate, attached to a simple or 



