FORD A. 



[ 334 ] 



TEA GIL ARIA. 



Introd, Foram. ; Carter, Ann. N. H. 1852, 

 X., 18')3, xi., 1854, xiv., &c. ; Schultze, 

 Organism. Polyf.hal. ; Mii/ler's Archiv, 185L! 

 (Q. J. Micr. Soc. v. 220) ; Wiec/mann^s 

 Archiv, 18G0 {Ann. N. II. ser. 3, vi'i. 30G) ; 

 Parker, Jones, and Brady, Ann. N. II. 2. 

 xix. ; 3. iii., iv., vi., viii., xi., xii., xv., xvi. ; 

 4. iv., vi., viii., ix., x. ; Q. J. Geol. 8oc. xvi. 

 292, 452 ; xxviii. 103 ; Phil. Trans. 1865 ; 

 Tr. Linn. Soc. 1864 and 1870; Monoijr. 

 Cray For. ( Pal. Soc. ) 18()6 ; lieusa, Verst. 

 liohm. Kreid. 1845-46 ; Haiding. Ahhandl. 

 iv. ; Denksch. Akad. Wien, i., vii., xxiii., 

 XXV. ; Sitz. Ak. Wien, pas.sim ; Zsitscli. dent, 

 geol. Ges. iii., vii., &c. ; Giimbel, Abliandl. 

 bayr. Ak. x. tfcc. ; also the memoirs of Sol- 

 daui, Ro.uer, Vou Ilageuow, Pliilippi, 

 Reuss, Czjzek, Alth, Bornemanu, Egyer, 

 Neogeboren, Karrer, &c. 



Since 1875 the following have added to 

 the bibliography of the subject : — 



A. M. Norman, J. D. Siddall, J. II. Carter, 

 W. J. Sollas, .1. F. Blake, E. Vanden Broeck, 

 Joseph Wright, H. B. Brady, A. W. Waters, 

 Ph. de la Harpe, W. K. Parker, T. R. Jones, 

 G. Stache, F. Karrer, C. W. Giimbel, J. W. 

 Dawson, (J. Schwager, M. von llantkeu, 

 G. Steinmann, G. C. Wallich,P, M. Dnncan, 

 G. Terrigi, C. Miibius, J. Seguenza, &c. 



FOR'DA, Ilevdeu. See Aphid.!-:, p. 63. 



FORFIC'ULA, Linn. F. auricidaris is 

 the common earwig. 



FORMIC ACID, or acid of ants.— This 

 acid occurs in ants, especially the red ant, 

 Furmicarnfa; in the stinging hairs of some 

 insects, as of the procession - caterpillar 

 {Bomhy.v processionea); and in the pi-isonous 

 secretion of the stings of insects ; perhaps 

 also in the stinging organs of the AcalephtB 

 and Polypes. In the higher animals it is a 

 frequent product of the oxidation of organic 

 substances, and is also foimd in the juice of 

 flesh, in the lu'ine, in vomited liquids, and 

 in the blood ; also in the stinging hairs of 

 the nettle &c. 



FOSSIL INFUSORIA. — The fossil 

 valves of the Diatomaceoe were formerly so 

 called. See Diatomace.e. 



FOSSIL WOOD.— This occurs in very 

 dift'erent conditions : — as, for example, con- 

 verted into lignite, and the modifications 

 of coal ; or with the vegetable substance 

 almost entirely removed .and replaced by 

 sile.x;, preserving all the organic forms of 

 the tissues. The mode of examining and 

 mounting Coal, kc, is given under that 

 article. Silicilied woods wliich have been 

 completely infiltrated and solidified require 



to be cut into thin sections and polished by 

 the lapidary ; the friable kinds, where the 

 infiltration has merely filled the cavities of 

 the cells and vessels, may be split with a 

 knife and mounted in balsam. Examples 

 are given in PI. 25. figs. 29-33. PI. 48. 

 fig. 32, exhibits concretions of silica imi- 

 tating structure. The stems of Palms and 

 Dicotyledonous trees are met with com- 

 pletely converted into siliceous blocks, sei-- 

 tions of which exhibit all the miuutiaj of 

 the structure. 



FOSSOMBRO'NIA, Raddi.— A genus of 

 PellietB (Hepaticie), nearly allied in the 

 character of its vegetative structure to the 

 Jungermaunieee, having large, squarish, 

 irregularly waved leaves. The stout stems 

 are procumbent, and set with purple radi- 

 cles all alou'j: the underside. The fruit- 

 stalk arises from the underside of the stem, 

 and turns back; the periclnete is very large; 

 and the capsule bursts irregularly into four 

 slender crose valves, F.pusilla is the Jun- 

 germannia pusilla of the British Flora ; 

 found chiefly on clay banks. 



BiBL. Hook. Brit. Junyerm. pi. 69, Brit. 

 Flur. ii.pt. 2. 117; Endlicher, Gen. Plant. 

 suppl. i. no. 472-7. 



FOVIL'L.A. — The name appUed to the 

 liquid granular matter tilling the pollen- 

 cell and pas.-ing into the pollen-tube of 

 Flowering Plants. The minute granules, 

 which are of various but altogether indefi- 

 nite sizes, exhibit an active quivering mo- 

 tion — the molecular motion, as it is called 

 — which is displayed in the same way by 

 all finely-divided solid substances, living or 

 dead, and is apparently dependent on purely 

 physical causes. They appear to consist of 

 starch-grains, minute globules of oil, and 

 granules of protoplasm probably composed 

 of proteine compounds. These granules are 

 exceedingly transparent in many kinds of 

 pollen when fresh,' from their refractiiig- 

 powx'r being nearly equal to that of tlie 

 fluid surrounding them. They may be made 

 visible bv adding water. 



FRAGILA'RIA, Lyngb.— A genus of 

 Diatomaceae (Cohort Fragilarieic). 



Char, Frustules (in front view) linear, 

 symmetrical, united into straiglit ov twisted 

 flat. filaments ; valv«s lanceolate, oblong or 

 linear. 



Difl'ers from Diatoma in the filaments not 

 becoming separated into zigzag chains. 

 Transverse stria? only visible under oblique 

 or "slopped'" illumination. 



Kiitzing enumerates sixteen species, of 



